EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.

Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.

Economic Profit
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Cash Operating Taxes
Invested Capital
Cost of Capital
Economic Spread Ratio
Economic Profit Margin

Illinois Tool Works Inc., economic profit calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)¹
	Cost of capital²
	Invested capital³

	Economic profit⁴

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-15), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-15), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-13).

¹ NOPAT. See details »

² Cost of capital. See details »

³ Invested capital. See details »

<>⁴ 2018 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= hidden

–

×

=

Item	Description	The company
Economic profit	Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital.	Illinois Tool Works Inc.’s economic profit declined from 2016 to 2017 but then increased from 2017 to 2018 exceeding 2016 level.

Illinois Tool Works Inc., NOPAT calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Net income
	Deferred income tax expense (benefit)¹
	Increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts²
	Increase (decrease) in LIFO reserve³
	Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue and customer deposits⁴
	Increase (decrease) in accrued product warranties⁵
	Increase (decrease) in equity equivalents⁶
	Interest expense
	Interest expense, operating lease liability⁷
	Adjusted interest expense
	Tax benefit of interest expense⁸
	Adjusted interest expense, after taxes⁹
	Interest income
	Investment income, before taxes
	Tax expense (benefit) of investment income¹⁰
	Investment income, after taxes¹¹
	(Income) loss from discontinued operations, net of tax¹²
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-15), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-15), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-13).

¹ Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »

² Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts.

³ Addition of increase (decrease) in LIFO reserve. See details »

⁴ Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue and customer deposits.

⁵ Addition of increase (decrease) in accrued product warranties.

⁶ Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.

⁷ 2018 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= hidden × hidden = hidden

⁸ 2018 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

⁹ Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.

¹⁰ 2018 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

¹¹ Elimination of after taxes investment income.

¹² Elimination of discontinued operations.

Item	Description	The company
NOPAT	Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income.	Illinois Tool Works Inc.’s NOPAT increased from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018.

Illinois Tool Works Inc., cash operating taxes calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Provision for income taxes
	Less: Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
	Add: Tax savings from interest expense
	Less: Tax imposed on investment income
	Cash operating taxes

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-15), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-15), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-13).

Item	Description	The company
Cash operating taxes	Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction.	Illinois Tool Works Inc.’s cash operating taxes increased from 2016 to 2017 but then declined significantly from 2017 to 2018.

Illinois Tool Works Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)

US$ in millions

		Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Short-term debt
	Long-term debt
	Operating lease liability¹
	Total reported debt & leases
	Stockholders’ equity attributable to ITW
	Net deferred tax (assets) liabilities²
	Allowance for doubtful accounts³
	LIFO reserve⁴
	Deferred revenue and customer deposits⁵
	Accrued product warranties⁶
	Equity equivalents⁷
	Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax⁸
	Noncontrolling interest
	Adjusted stockholders’ equity attributable to ITW
	Construction in progress⁹
	Invested capital

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-15), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-15), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-13).

¹ Addition of capitalized operating leases.

² Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »

³ Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.

⁴ Addition of LIFO reserve. See details »

⁵ Addition of deferred revenue and customer deposits.

⁶ Addition of accrued product warranties.

⁷ Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity attributable to ITW.

⁸ Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.

⁹ Subtraction of construction in progress.

Item	Description	The company
Invested capital	Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities.	Illinois Tool Works Inc.’s invested capital increased from 2016 to 2017 but then declined significantly from 2017 to 2018.

Illinois Tool Works Inc., cost of capital calculations

	Weights			Cost of capital
Equity²		÷	=		×		=
Debt³		÷	=		×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴		÷	=		×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Total capital:	Total weights:			Cost of total capital:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-15).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See details »

³ Debt. See details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See details »

	Weights			Cost of capital
Equity²		÷	=		×		=
Debt³		÷	=		×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴		÷	=		×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total capital:	Total weights:			Cost of total capital:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-15).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See details »

³ Debt. See details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See details »

	Weights			Cost of capital
Equity²		÷	=		×		=
Debt³		÷	=		×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴		÷	=		×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total capital:	Total weights:			Cost of total capital:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-10).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See details »

³ Debt. See details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See details »

	Weights			Cost of capital
Equity²		÷	=		×		=
Debt³		÷	=		×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴		÷	=		×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total capital:	Total weights:			Cost of total capital:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-12).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See details »

³ Debt. See details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See details »

	Weights			Cost of capital
Equity²		÷	=		×		=
Debt³		÷	=		×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴		÷	=		×	× (1 – 35.00%)	=
Total capital:	Total weights:			Cost of total capital:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-13).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See details »

³ Debt. See details »

⁴ Operating lease liability. See details »

Illinois Tool Works Inc., economic spread ratio calculation

		Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
	Economic profit¹
	Invested capital²
	Performance Ratio
	Economic spread ratio³

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-15), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-15), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-13).

¹ Economic profit. See details »

² Invested capital. See details »

³ 2018 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × hidden ÷ hidden = hidden

Performance ratio	Description	The company
Economic spread ratio	The ratio of economic profit to invested capital, also equal to the difference between return on invested capital (ROIC) and cost of capital.	Illinois Tool Works Inc.’s economic spread ratio deteriorated from 2016 to 2017 but then improved from 2017 to 2018 exceeding 2016 level.

Illinois Tool Works Inc., economic profit margin calculation

		Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
	Economic profit¹
	Operating revenue
	Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue and customer deposits
	Adjusted operating revenue
	Performance Ratio
	Economic profit margin²

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-15), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-15), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-12), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-13).

¹ Economic profit. See details »

² 2018 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted operating revenue
= 100 × hidden ÷ hidden = hidden

Performance ratio	Description	The company
Economic profit margin	The ratio of economic profit to sales. It is the company’s profit margin covering income efficiency and asset management. Economic profit margin is not biased in favor of capital-intensive business models, because any added capital is a cost to the economic profit margin.	Illinois Tool Works Inc.’s economic profit margin deteriorated from 2016 to 2017 but then improved from 2017 to 2018 exceeding 2016 level.

	Illinois Tool Works Inc.	Other companies (not purchased previously)
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Financial Statements
Common-Size Financial Statements
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Relative Valuation
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Long-term Trends
Analysis
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Illinois Tool Works Inc. (ITW)

Economic Value Added (EVA)

Economic Profit

Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)

Cash Operating Taxes

Invested Capital

Cost of Capital

Dec 31, 2018

Dec 31, 2017

Dec 31, 2016

Dec 31, 2015

Dec 31, 2014

Economic Spread Ratio

Economic Profit Margin