Economic Value Added (EVA)
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Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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Illinois Tool Works Inc. pages available for free this week:
- Statement of Comprehensive Income
- Common-Size Balance Sheet: Assets
- Common-Size Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
- Analysis of Profitability Ratios
- Analysis of Long-term (Investment) Activity Ratios
- Analysis of Reportable Segments
- Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
- Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE)
- Debt to Equity since 2005
- Price to Operating Profit (P/OP) since 2005
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Economic Profit
Illinois Tool Works Inc., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2021 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
The period between 2017 and 2021 demonstrates a fluctuating pattern in financial performance as measured by economic profit. Initial observations reveal a significant shift from negative economic profit in 2017 to positive economic profit in subsequent years, although with considerable variation.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT increased substantially from US$1,924 million in 2017 to US$2,774 million in 2018. A slight decrease was then observed in 2019, with NOPAT reaching US$2,672 million. 2020 experienced a more pronounced decline to US$2,268 million, followed by a recovery to US$2,907 million in 2021, representing the highest NOPAT value within the observed timeframe.
- Cost of Capital
- The cost of capital exhibited a generally increasing trend throughout the period. Starting at 16.32% in 2017, it rose to 16.79% in 2021. The increases were incremental, with the largest single-year change occurring between 2019 and 2020 (0.05%).
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital decreased from US$14,406 million in 2017 to US$12,895 million in 2018. It then stabilized, fluctuating between US$13,033 million and US$13,555 million from 2019 to 2021, indicating a relatively consistent level of capital employed during this period.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit was negative in 2017, at -US$426 million. A substantial positive economic profit of US$661 million was recorded in 2018. This was followed by US$515 million in 2019, a significant drop to US$52 million in 2020, and a recovery to US$632 million in 2021. The trend suggests a sensitivity of economic profit to changes in NOPAT, potentially influenced by the relatively stable invested capital and gradually increasing cost of capital.
The interplay between NOPAT, cost of capital, and invested capital significantly impacted economic profit. While the cost of capital increased over the period, the fluctuations in NOPAT appear to be the primary driver of the observed changes in economic profit. The recovery in 2021 suggests improved efficiency in generating profit from invested capital.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Illinois Tool Works Inc., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in LIFO reserve. See details »
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue and customer deposits.
5 Addition of increase (decrease) in accrued product warranties.
6 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.
7 2021 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
8 2021 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
9 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.
10 2021 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
11 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
- Net Income
- The net income exhibited an overall upward trend from 2017 to 2021, starting at 1,687 million US dollars in 2017 and rising to 2,694 million US dollars by 2021. There was a significant increase between 2017 and 2018, followed by a slight decline in 2019. A more noticeable decrease occurred in 2020, likely reflecting challenging conditions during that year. Nevertheless, the net income rebounded strongly in 2021, reaching its highest value in the period analyzed.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- Similar to net income, the NOPAT also demonstrated positive growth over the five-year span. It increased from 1,924 million US dollars in 2017 to 2,907 million US dollars in 2021. The data shows a peak in 2018, followed by a gradual decline in 2019 and 2020, before recovering substantially in 2021. The pattern aligns closely with the net income trend, indicating consistent operational performance and profitability improvements toward the end of the period.
- Summary of Trends
- Both net income and NOPAT reveal a pattern of growth with intermittent setbacks. The declines observed in 2019 and 2020 suggest external or internal challenges impacting profitability during those years. The recovery in 2021 indicates resilience and potential operational improvements or favorable market conditions. Overall, the financial results over the period reflect strong profitability with transient fluctuations rather than a continuous trend of increase or decrease.
Cash Operating Taxes
Illinois Tool Works Inc., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
The financial data reveals trends in the provision for income taxes and cash operating taxes over a five-year period ending in 2021.
- Provision for Income Taxes
- The provision for income taxes shows a clear downward trend from 2017 through 2020, starting at $1,583 million in 2017 and declining significantly to $595 million in 2020. This represents a decrease of approximately 62.4% over three years. In 2021, the provision for income taxes experienced a slight increase to $632 million, indicating a minor reversal of the prior years’ declining trend but still remaining well below the initial 2017 level.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash operating taxes followed a similar pattern to the provision for income taxes but with less pronounced variability. Beginning at $1,597 million in 2017, cash operating taxes decreased to $666 million in 2020. This decline of roughly 58.3% over four years suggests effective cash tax management or changes in taxable income. Unlike the provision for income taxes, cash operating taxes increased notably in 2021 to $821 million, representing a larger rebound compared to the provision figure but still below 2017 values.
Overall, both tax-related expenses exhibit a significant downward trend during the initial four years, which may reflect changes in earnings, tax planning strategies, or tax rate adjustments. The partial recovery in both measures in 2021 suggests a stabilization or potential increase in taxable earnings or adjustments in tax liabilities. The gap between provision and cash operating taxes is relatively narrow throughout the period, indicating consistency between accrued and actual cash tax payments.
Invested Capital
Illinois Tool Works Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of LIFO reserve. See details »
5 Addition of deferred revenue and customer deposits.
6 Addition of accrued product warranties.
7 Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity attributable to ITW.
8 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
9 Subtraction of construction in progress.
- Total reported debt & leases
- The total reported debt and leases exhibit some variability over the analyzed period. Starting at $8,612 million in 2017, the figure declines to a low of $7,583 million in 2018, before experiencing a gradual increase, reaching $8,310 million in 2020, and then decreasing again to $7,881 million in 2021. Overall, the debt level fluctuates within a relatively narrow range, indicating some active management of debt levels without significant long-term increases or decreases.
- Stockholders’ equity attributable to ITW
- Stockholders' equity shows a declining trend from 2017 through 2019, dropping from $4,585 million to $3,026 million. In 2020, there is a slight recovery to $3,181 million, followed by a more substantial increase to $3,625 million in 2021. This pattern suggests that the company faced equity reductions initially, with a partial rebound in the later years of the period under review.
- Invested capital
- Invested capital declines from $14,406 million in 2017 to $12,895 million in 2018, then experiences a steady increase each year to $13,033 million in 2019, $13,434 million in 2020, and $13,555 million in 2021. This trend indicates growing investment in the company's operations or assets after an initial drop, reflecting possibly increased capital expenditures or acquisition activity post-2018.
Cost of Capital
Illinois Tool Works Inc., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Illinois Tool Works Inc., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Boeing Co. | ||||||
| Caterpillar Inc. | ||||||
| Eaton Corp. plc | ||||||
| GE Aerospace | ||||||
| Honeywell International Inc. | ||||||
| Lockheed Martin Corp. | ||||||
| RTX Corp. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2021 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The period under review demonstrates significant fluctuations in economic performance. Initially, the company experienced a negative economic profit, which subsequently transitioned to positive values, albeit with considerable variability. This is reflected in the economic spread ratio, which exhibits a similar pattern of improvement followed by inconsistency.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit began at a loss of US$426 million in 2017. A substantial improvement occurred in 2018, with economic profit reaching US$661 million. This positive trend continued into 2019, though at a reduced rate, resulting in a profit of US$515 million. A significant decline was observed in 2020, with economic profit falling to US$52 million. The final year of the period, 2021, saw a strong recovery, with economic profit increasing to US$632 million.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital decreased from US$14,406 million in 2017 to US$12,895 million in 2018. It then experienced a modest increase over the subsequent three years, reaching US$13,555 million in 2021. The changes in invested capital appear relatively stable compared to the volatility observed in economic profit.
- Economic Spread Ratio
- The economic spread ratio mirrored the trend in economic profit. It started at -2.96% in 2017, indicating a return on invested capital below the cost of capital. The ratio improved substantially to 5.13% in 2018 and remained positive at 3.96% in 2019. A sharp decrease to 0.39% occurred in 2020, suggesting a minimal spread between return and cost of capital. The ratio rebounded strongly in 2021, reaching 4.66%, indicating a healthy spread and improved economic value creation.
The correlation between economic profit and the economic spread ratio is evident. The substantial increase in economic profit from 2017 to 2018 directly corresponds with the improvement in the economic spread ratio. Similarly, the decline in economic profit in 2020 is reflected in the reduced economic spread ratio. The recovery in 2021 is also consistent across both metrics. The fluctuations suggest sensitivity to underlying business conditions or strategic shifts impacting profitability relative to invested capital.
Economic Profit Margin
Illinois Tool Works Inc., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Operating revenue | ||||||
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue and customer deposits | ||||||
| Adjusted operating revenue | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Boeing Co. | ||||||
| Caterpillar Inc. | ||||||
| Eaton Corp. plc | ||||||
| GE Aerospace | ||||||
| Honeywell International Inc. | ||||||
| Lockheed Martin Corp. | ||||||
| RTX Corp. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2021 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted operating revenue
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The economic profit margin exhibited considerable fluctuation between 2017 and 2021. Initial observations reveal a substantial swing from a negative value in 2017 to positive values in subsequent years, followed by a dip in 2020 and a recovery in 2021.
- Economic Profit Margin Trend
- In 2017, the economic profit margin stood at -2.97%, indicating the company did not generate returns exceeding its cost of capital. A significant improvement occurred in 2018, with the margin rising to 4.47%. This positive trend continued into 2019, albeit at a slightly reduced rate of 3.66%.
- 2020 witnessed a marked decline in the economic profit margin, falling to 0.41%. This suggests a substantial decrease in the company’s ability to generate economic profit during that year. However, the margin rebounded strongly in 2021, reaching 4.32%, nearly matching the level observed in 2018.
The economic profit itself mirrors the trend in the economic profit margin. A loss of US$426 million was recorded in 2017, followed by profits of US$661 million, US$515 million, US$52 million, and US$632 million in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 respectively. The adjusted operating revenue experienced a general upward trend, with a dip in 2020, aligning with the observed economic profit margin fluctuations.
- Relationship between Revenue and Economic Profit Margin
- While adjusted operating revenue generally increased from 2017 to 2021, the economic profit margin did not consistently follow suit. The decrease in revenue in 2020 coincided with a significant drop in the economic profit margin, suggesting a strong correlation between revenue performance and the company’s ability to generate economic profit. The recovery in both revenue and economic profit margin in 2021 indicates a return to more favorable financial performance.
The volatility in the economic profit margin highlights the sensitivity of the company’s profitability to underlying economic conditions and operational efficiency. The substantial improvement in 2021 suggests successful strategic adjustments or a favorable shift in the business environment.