.Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE)
Difficulty: Intermediate
In discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation techniques the value of the stock is estimated based upon present value of some measure of cash flow. Free cash flow to equity (FCFE) is generally described as cash flows available to the equity holder after payments to debt holders and after allowing for expenditures to maintain the company's asset base.
Intrinsic Stock Value (Valuation Summary)
Caterpillar Inc., free cash flow to equity (FCFE) forecast
USD $ in millions, except per share data
| Year | Value | FCFEt or Terminal value (TVt) | Calculation | Present value at % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | FCFE0 | |||
| 1 | FCFE1 | = × (1 + %) | ||
| 2 | FCFE2 | = × (1 + %) | ||
| 3 | FCFE3 | = × (1 + %) | ||
| 4 | FCFE4 | = × (1 + %) | ||
| 5 | FCFE5 | = × (1 + %) | ||
| 5 | Terminal value (TV5) | = × (1 + %) ÷ (% – %) | ||
| Intrinsic value of Caterpillar's common stock | ||||
| Intrinsic value of Caterpillar's common stock (per share) | $ | |||
| Current share price | $ | |||
Disclaimer!
Valuation is based on standard assumptions. There may exist specific factors relevant to stock value and omitted here. In such a case, the real stock value may differ significantly form the estimated. If you want to use the estimated intrinsic stock value in investment decision making process, do so at your own risk.
Required Rate of Return (r)
| Assumptions | ||
| Rate of return on LT Treasury Composite1 | RF | % |
| Expected rate of return on market portfolio2 | E(RM) | % |
| Systematic risk (β) of Caterpillar's common stock | βCAT | |
| Required rate of return on Caterpillar's common stock3 | rCAT | % |
1 Unweighted average of bid yields on all outstanding fixed-coupon U.S. Treasury bonds neither due or callable in less than 10 years (risk-free rate of return proxy).
Calculations
3 rCAT = RF + βCAT [E(RM) – RF]
= % + [% – %]
= %
FCFE Growth Rate (g)
FCFE growth rate (g) implied by PRAT model
Caterpillar Inc., PRAT model
| Average | Dec 31, 2017 | Dec 31, 2016 | Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2014 | Dec 31, 2013 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (USD $ in millions) | |||||||
| | Dividends declared | ||||||
| | Profit (loss) attributable to common stockholders | ||||||
| | Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation | ||||||
| | Total assets | ||||||
| | Equity attributable to common stockholders | ||||||
| Ratios | |||||||
| | Retention rate1 | ||||||
| | Profit margin2 | % | % | % | % | % | |
| | Asset turnover3 | ||||||
| | Financial leverage4 | ||||||
| Averages | |||||||
| Retention rate | |||||||
| Profit margin | % | ||||||
| Asset turnover | |||||||
| Financial leverage | |||||||
| Growth rate of FCFE (g)5 | % | ||||||
2017 Calculations
1 Retention rate = (Profit (loss) attributable to common stockholders – Dividends declared) ÷ Profit (loss) attributable to common stockholders
= ( – ) ÷ =
2 Profit margin = 100 × Profit (loss) attributable to common stockholders ÷ Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation
= 100 × ÷ = %
3 Asset turnover = Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation ÷ Total assets
= ÷ =
4 Financial leverage = Total assets ÷ Equity attributable to common stockholders
= ÷ =
5 g = Retention rate × Profit margin × Asset turnover × Financial leverage
= × % × × = %
FCFE growth rate (g) implied by single-stage model
g = 100 × (Equity market value0 × r – FCFE0) ÷ (Equity market value0 + FCFE0)
= 100 × ( × % – ) ÷ ( + ) = %
where:
Equity market value0 = current market value of Caterpillar's common stock (USD $ in millions)
FCFE0 = last year Caterpillar's free cash flow to equity (USD $ in millions)
r = required rate of return on Caterpillar's common stock
FCFE growth rate (g) forecast
Caterpillar Inc., H-model
| Year | Value | gt |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | g1 | % |
| 2 | g2 | % |
| 3 | g3 | % |
| 4 | g4 | % |
| 5 and thereafter | g5 | % |
where:
g1 is implied by PRAT model
g5 is implied by single-stage model
g2, g3 and g4 are calculated using linear interpoltion between g1 and g5
Calculations
g2 = g1 + (g5 – g1) × (2 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
= % + (% – %) × (2 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1) = %
g3 = g1 + (g5 – g1) × (3 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
= % + (% – %) × (3 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1) = %
g4 = g1 + (g5 – g1) × (4 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
= % + (% – %) × (4 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1) = %
