Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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Charter Communications Inc. pages available for free this week:
- Analysis of Profitability Ratios
- Analysis of Short-term (Operating) Activity Ratios
- Analysis of Long-term (Investment) Activity Ratios
- Enterprise Value (EV)
- Enterprise Value to EBITDA (EV/EBITDA)
- Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE)
- Operating Profit Margin since 2010
- Current Ratio since 2010
- Price to Book Value (P/BV) since 2010
- Analysis of Debt
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Economic Profit
Charter Communications Inc., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2024 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- The net operating profit after taxes shows an overall increasing trend from 2020 through 2024. Starting at $7,242 million in 2020, NOPAT rises to $9,333 million in 2021 and continues to grow to $9,688 million in 2022. Although there is a slight dip in 2023 to $9,377 million, the measure rebounds to $9,837 million in 2024, indicating sustained profitability improvement over the period.
- Cost of Capital
- The cost of capital exhibits a decreasing trend from 2020 to 2023, moving from 10.67% down to 8.23%. In 2024, there is a slight uptick to 8.46%. This trend suggests a reduction in the expense of financing invested capital over the first four years, with a modest increase in the final year.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital remains relatively stable across the five years with minor fluctuations. It starts at $133,151 million in 2020, slightly decreases to $130,911 million in 2021, then marginally increases to $131,318 million in 2022, followed by a rise to $134,069 million in 2023 and further to $136,388 million in 2024. Overall, invested capital shows a modest growth, indicating consistent capital investment.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit, representing the difference between NOPAT and the cost of capital applied to invested capital, displays a negative value throughout the period, though it improves considerably. Starting at -$6,971 million in 2020, the deficit contracts to -$3,739 million in 2021 and further narrows to -$2,162 million in 2022. This improvement continues with lesser negative values of -$1,660 million in 2023 and -$1,706 million in 2024. Despite remaining negative, the trend signals a reduction in value destruction and closer alignment toward positive economic profitability.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Charter Communications Inc., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income attributable to Charter shareholders.
5 2024 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
6 2024 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense, net = Adjusted interest expense, net × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
7 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income attributable to Charter shareholders.
- Net Income Attributable to Charter Shareholders
- The net income attributable to Charter shareholders exhibited an overall upward trend from 2020 to 2024. Starting at 3,222 million USD in 2020, it increased significantly to 4,654 million USD in 2021, representing a marked improvement. The upward momentum continued into 2022, reaching 5,055 million USD, the highest observed within the period. However, in 2023, net income experienced a decline to 4,557 million USD, indicating a temporary setback or potential challenges faced during that year. This decline was followed by a recovery in 2024, with net income rising again to 5,083 million USD, surpassing the previous peak in 2022. The pattern reflects generally positive profitability with some short-term volatility.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- The net operating profit after taxes also demonstrated consistent growth over the analyzed period. NOPAT rose from 7,242 million USD in 2020 to 9,333 million USD in 2021, showing a strong operational improvement. This growth trend continued, albeit at a slower pace, reaching 9,688 million USD in 2022. In 2023, there was a slight decrease to 9,377 million USD, which mirrors the decline seen in net income for the same year, suggesting a possible operational impact affecting profitability. However, in 2024, NOPAT recovered to 9,837 million USD, the highest level in the period, indicating strengthened operational efficiency or profitability drivers.
- Summary Insight
- The data indicate robust and generally increasing profitability over the five-year span, with both net income and NOPAT peaking in 2024. The dip in both metrics in 2023 represents a point of concern, potentially due to external or internal factors affecting performance that year. The rebound in 2024 suggests effective management responses or favorable conditions restoring profitability. The consistent gap between NOPAT and net income reflects the differing nature of these metrics, with NOPAT generally showing higher figures due to its focus on operating profitability, excluding non-operating items and tax effects.
Cash Operating Taxes
Charter Communications Inc., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
- Income Tax Expense
- The income tax expense shows a consistent upward trend over the five-year period. Starting at 626 million USD in 2020, it rises significantly to 1068 million USD in 2021. This increasing pattern continues, reaching 1613 million USD in 2022, with a slight stabilization around 1593 million USD in 2023, and again increasing to 1649 million USD in 2024. The overall growth in income tax expense indicates increasing taxable income or possible changes in tax rates or policies affecting the company.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash operating taxes exhibit a marked increase over the period under review. The amount grows from 980 million USD in 2020 to 1100 million USD in 2021, displaying a moderate increase. However, a sharp rise is observed in 2022, with cash operating taxes more than doubling to 2493 million USD. This upward trajectory continues to 2776 million USD in 2023 and further to 2849 million USD in 2024. This pronounced growth suggests increased cash outflows for tax payments, potentially stemming from higher operating profits or changes in cash tax obligations.
- Comparative Observations
- Both income tax expense and cash operating taxes demonstrate a growing tax burden over the five years. Notably, cash operating taxes increase at a steeper rate compared to income tax expense, especially from 2021 onward. This divergence might imply timing differences between tax accruals and cash payments, or variations in tax planning strategies and deferred tax calculations. The steady rise in both indicators points to an expanding scale of operations or profitability, resulting in higher tax liabilities.
Invested Capital
Charter Communications Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of deferred revenue.
5 Addition of equity equivalents to total Charter shareholders’ equity.
6 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
- Total Reported Debt & Leases
-
The total reported debt and leases showed a steady increase from 84,097 million USD at the end of 2020 to a peak of 99,620 million USD at the end of 2023. In 2024, there was a slight decrease to 97,176 million USD. This pattern indicates an overall growth in leverage over the period, with a marginal reduction in the most recent year.
- Total Charter Shareholders’ Equity
-
The shareholders’ equity declined sharply from 23,805 million USD at the end of 2020 to 9,119 million USD by the end of 2022, representing a significant erosion of equity value during this timeframe. However, in 2023 and 2024, equity showed signs of recovery, increasing to 11,086 million USD and then to 15,587 million USD respectively. This rebound suggests some stabilization and potential rebuilding of the equity base after a period of losses or distributions.
- Invested Capital
-
The invested capital remained relatively stable over the five-year period, beginning at 133,151 million USD in 2020 and gradually increasing to 136,388 million USD by the end of 2024. The slight upward trend indicates steady investment levels or capital deployment, with no major fluctuations.
- Summary of Financial Trends
-
The data reflects a company operating with high financial leverage, as evidenced by the substantial debt levels sustained throughout the period. The significant reduction in shareholders’ equity through 2022 may indicate challenges such as net losses, asset impairments, or substantial distributions during those years. The partial recovery of equity in the latter years points to improved financial performance or capital restructuring efforts. Meanwhile, the invested capital’s stability suggests consistent capital investment without significant expansion or contraction in asset base. The combination of these trends may imply a focus on managing leverage risks while attempting to restore shareholder value.
Cost of Capital
Charter Communications Inc., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt, including current portion, and equipment installment plan financing facility3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt, including current portion, and equipment installment plan financing facility. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt, including current portion, and equipment installment plan financing facility3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt, including current portion, and equipment installment plan financing facility. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt, including current portion, and equipment installment plan financing facility3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt, including current portion, and equipment installment plan financing facility. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt, including current portion, and equipment installment plan financing facility3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt, including current portion, and equipment installment plan financing facility. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt, including current portion, and equipment installment plan financing facility3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt, including current portion, and equipment installment plan financing facility. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Charter Communications Inc., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Alphabet Inc. | ||||||
| Comcast Corp. | ||||||
| Meta Platforms Inc. | ||||||
| Netflix Inc. | ||||||
| Trade Desk Inc. | ||||||
| Walt Disney Co. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2024 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial data reveals several notable trends related to economic profit, invested capital, and the economic spread ratio over the five-year period ending in 2024.
- Economic Profit
-
There is a clear improvement in economic profit, which has consistently increased from a substantial negative figure of -$6,971 million in 2020 to a lesser negative value of -$1,706 million in 2024. This trend indicates a reduction in economic losses over the years, though the company has not yet achieved positive economic profit.
- Invested Capital
-
Invested capital has shown a modest upward trend, growing from $133,151 million in 2020 to $136,388 million in 2024. This incremental increase suggests ongoing capital investment or asset base expansion during this period, albeit at a relatively slow pace.
- Economic Spread Ratio
-
The economic spread ratio, which measures the efficiency of capital deployment relative to its cost, has also improved steadily though it remains negative. The ratio moved from -5.24% in 2020 to around -1.25% by 2024, reflecting reduced negative returns on capital. This suggests a trend toward narrowing the gap between returns generated and the cost of capital, indicating potential operational improvements or better capital management.
Overall, the trends suggest the company is gradually mitigating losses and improving capital efficiency, though the persistence of negative economic profit and economic spread ratio indicates that further progress is needed to reach profitability and positive economic value creation.
Economic Profit Margin
Charter Communications Inc., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Revenues | ||||||
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue | ||||||
| Adjusted revenues | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Alphabet Inc. | ||||||
| Comcast Corp. | ||||||
| Meta Platforms Inc. | ||||||
| Netflix Inc. | ||||||
| Trade Desk Inc. | ||||||
| Walt Disney Co. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2024 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted revenues
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial data reveals several notable trends over the five-year period from December 31, 2020, to December 31, 2024.
- Economic Profit
- There is a consistent improvement in economic profit, which remains negative throughout the period but shows a steady reduction in losses. Starting at -6971 million US dollars in 2020, the economic loss decreases substantially to -1706 million US dollars by 2024. This trend indicates enhanced operating efficiency or profitability relative to capital costs over time.
- Adjusted Revenues
- Adjusted revenues exhibit a positive upward trend, increasing from 48,074 million US dollars in 2020 to 55,032 million US dollars in 2024. This steady increase suggests growth in the company’s sales or service income, albeit at a decelerating pace in the latest years as the increments become smaller.
- Economic Profit Margin
- The economic profit margin, expressed as a percentage, improves significantly from -14.5% in 2020 to roughly -3.1% in 2024. This margin narrowing toward zero highlights the company's progress in converting revenues into economic profit, although profitability remains negative. The margin stabilizes between 2023 and 2024, indicating that further improvements in economic profitability may decelerate.
Overall, the data points to a company that is gradually enhancing its financial performance by increasing revenues and reducing economic losses. Despite continuous negative economic profit, the narrowing loss margins and steady revenue growth imply positive momentum toward achieving sustainable profitability.