Economic Value Added (EVA)
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Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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Axon Enterprise Inc. pages available for free this week:
- Common-Size Income Statement
- Analysis of Short-term (Operating) Activity Ratios
- Enterprise Value to FCFF (EV/FCFF)
- Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE)
- Net Profit Margin since 2005
- Return on Assets (ROA) since 2005
- Current Ratio since 2005
- Price to Book Value (P/BV) since 2005
- Price to Sales (P/S) since 2005
- Analysis of Debt
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Economic Profit
Axon Enterprise Inc., economic profit calculation
US$ in thousands
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2022 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
The financial performance between 2018 and 2022 is characterized by a transition from consistent value destruction to significant value creation. For the majority of the analyzed period, the organization operated with a negative economic profit, indicating that the returns generated from operations were insufficient to cover the cost of the capital employed. This trend reversed sharply in 2022, marking a pivotal shift in economic efficiency.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT exhibited significant volatility throughout the period. After a decline from 78,057 thousand US$ in 2018 to a low of 17,857 thousand US$ in 2019, the metric fluctuated before experiencing an exponential increase in 2022, reaching 326,174 thousand US$. This final surge represents a substantial improvement in operational profitability compared to the previous four years.
- Invested Capital and Capital Efficiency
- Invested capital showed a strong upward trajectory starting in 2019. The capital base grew from 500,291 thousand US$ in 2019 to 1,607,800 thousand US$ by the end of 2022. During the period from 2018 to 2021, the expansion of invested capital occurred at a rate that outpaced NOPAT growth, which contributed to the widening gap in economic profit.
- Cost of Capital Stability
- The cost of capital remained remarkably stable over the five-year duration, hovering around 15% with only a slight decrease to 14.40% in 2022. This stability suggests that the fluctuations in economic profit were driven by operational performance and capital investment levels rather than changes in the weighted average cost of capital.
- Economic Profit Trajectory
- Economic profit remained negative from 2018 through 2021, with losses deepening from 16,789 thousand US$ in 2018 to a peak deficit of 151,390 thousand US$ in 2021. However, 2022 saw a total reversal of this trend, with economic profit swinging to a positive 94,609 thousand US$. This shift indicates that the company finally achieved a return on invested capital that exceeded its cost of capital, effectively transitioning to a state of economic value added.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Axon Enterprise Inc., NOPAT calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in accrued warranty expense.
5 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income (loss).
6 2022 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
7 2022 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
8 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income (loss).
- Net Income (Loss)
- The company experienced significant fluctuations in net income over the analyzed period. Starting with a substantial net income of $29,205 thousand in 2018, there was a sharp decline to $882 thousand in 2019, followed by a transition into losses in 2020 and 2021, with amounts of -$1,724 thousand and -$60,018 thousand, respectively. In 2022, the company reversed this trend dramatically, recording a significant net income of $147,139 thousand. This volatility indicates periods of financial difficulty followed by a substantial recovery and profitability improvement in the most recent year.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT demonstrated a somewhat different pattern, though it also showed variability. The value started at $78,057 thousand in 2018 and then decreased considerably to $17,857 thousand in 2019. In 2020, NOPAT increased to $51,762 thousand, suggesting operational profitability improvement despite the net loss reported that year. A decline occurred again in 2021 to $38,523 thousand; however, a substantial increase to $326,174 thousand was evident in 2022. This increase in 2022 indicates enhanced operational efficiency and profitability on an after-tax basis.
- Overall Trends and Insights
- The data reveal a period of instability between 2018 and 2021, characterized by fluctuating and often negative net income, contrasted with positive but volatile NOPAT values. The divergence between net income and NOPAT especially during 2020 and 2021 suggests that non-operating factors or extraordinary charges may have negatively impacted net income. The strong recovery in 2022 across both net income and NOPAT points to improved financial health, possibly driven by operational improvements or a favorable change in the cost or revenue structure. The considerable growth in 2022 in both metrics reflects a pivotal turnaround likely resulting from strategic adjustments or market conditions.
Cash Operating Taxes
Axon Enterprise Inc., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
- Provision for income taxes (income tax benefit)
- Over the five-year period, the provision for income taxes exhibited significant volatility and fluctuation. Initially, there was a negative provision in 2018, indicating an income tax benefit of 1,101 thousand US dollars. This turned positive in 2019, reaching 1,188 thousand US dollars, followed by another shift back to a negative provision in 2020 at -4,567 thousand US dollars. The most pronounced change occurred in 2021 with a substantial negative provision amounting to -81,357 thousand US dollars, suggesting a major income tax benefit that year. However, in 2022, the provision reversed to a positive figure of 49,379 thousand US dollars.
- Cash operating taxes
- Cash operating taxes demonstrated a generally increasing trend over the analyzed period, with a pronounced exception in 2021. Starting at 7,666 thousand US dollars in 2018, the amount increased steadily to 9,266 thousand US dollars in 2019 and further to 12,034 thousand US dollars in 2020. In 2021, there was a sharp decline, with cash operating taxes reported as negative 851 thousand US dollars, indicating a cash inflow or refund situation. Subsequently, in 2022, the cash operating taxes surged significantly to 27,888 thousand US dollars, more than doubling the previous peak.
Invested Capital
Axon Enterprise Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of deferred revenue.
5 Addition of accrued warranty expense.
6 Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity.
7 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
8 Subtraction of construction-in-process.
9 Subtraction of investments.
The financial data reveals several notable trends in the company's capital structure and financial positioning over the five-year period ending in 2022.
- Total Reported Debt & Leases
- There is a relatively stable and moderate level of debt from 2018 through 2021, fluctuating between approximately 10.6 million and 27 million USD. However, in 2022, this figure experiences a dramatic increase to over 717 million USD. This sharp rise indicates a significant change in the company's financing strategy or capital structure, suggesting either a substantial new borrowing, lease obligation, or financial arrangement undertaken in the latest period.
- Stockholders’ Equity
- Stockholders' equity shows steady growth throughout all years, moving from around 467 million USD in 2018 to approximately 1.27 billion USD in 2022. The increase suggests consistent retention of earnings or capital injections, strengthening the company's net worth and reflecting profitable operations or equity financing activities.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital fluctuates during the initial years, decreasing from roughly 632 million USD in 2018 to 500 million USD in 2019, then rising again to 723 million USD in 2020. From 2020 onward, invested capital increases significantly, peaking at approximately 1.61 billion USD by the end of 2022. This upward trend illustrates increased capital employed in the business, likely fuelled by the substantial growth in reported debt and equity, indicating expanded operational scale or investment in long-term assets.
Overall, the data suggests a period of gradual growth and stability up to 2021, followed by a marked increase in financial leverage and total capital employed in 2022. The spike in reported debt and leases may raise considerations regarding risk and debt service capacity, while the ongoing growth in equity and invested capital reflects a larger asset base and potentially heightened business activities.
Cost of Capital
Axon Enterprise Inc., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Convertible notes3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Convertible notes. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Convertible notes3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Convertible notes. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Convertible notes3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Convertible notes. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Convertible notes3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Convertible notes. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Convertible notes3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Convertible notes. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Axon Enterprise Inc., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Boeing Co. | ||||||
| Caterpillar Inc. | ||||||
| Eaton Corp. plc | ||||||
| GE Aerospace | ||||||
| Honeywell International Inc. | ||||||
| Lockheed Martin Corp. | ||||||
| RTX Corp. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2022 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial performance from 2018 to 2022 indicates a significant transition from a period of consistent value destruction to the achievement of positive economic value. For the majority of the analyzed timeframe, the entity failed to generate returns exceeding its cost of capital, though a substantial reversal occurred in the final year.
- Economic Profit Trends
- Economic profit remained negative from 2018 through 2021, signifying that operating returns were insufficient to cover the cost of invested capital. The deficit intensified over time, reaching a peak loss of 151.39 million USD in 2021. This trend reversed sharply in 2022, when economic profit shifted to a positive 94.61 million USD, marking the first instance of value creation within the period.
- Invested Capital Growth
- Invested capital showed a general upward trajectory following a slight contraction in 2019. Between 2020 and 2022, there was an aggressive expansion of the capital base, which grew from 722.75 million USD to 1.61 billion USD. This significant increase in capital deployment occurred concurrently with widening economic losses in 2021, but ultimately preceded the pivot to positive economic profit in 2022.
- Economic Spread Ratio Analysis
- The economic spread ratio remained negative for four consecutive years, fluctuating between -2.66% and -11.99%. The ratio hit its lowest point in 2021 at -11.99%, reflecting the widest gap between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital. The shift to a positive spread ratio of 5.88% in 2022 indicates that the entity has successfully optimized its capital utilization to generate returns that now exceed its cost of funding.
Economic Profit Margin
Axon Enterprise Inc., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Net sales | ||||||
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue | ||||||
| Adjusted net sales | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Boeing Co. | ||||||
| Caterpillar Inc. | ||||||
| Eaton Corp. plc | ||||||
| GE Aerospace | ||||||
| Honeywell International Inc. | ||||||
| Lockheed Martin Corp. | ||||||
| RTX Corp. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2022 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted net sales
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial trajectory between 2018 and 2022 is characterized by consistent revenue expansion coupled with a period of negative economic value creation that reversed sharply in the final year of the period.
- Adjusted Net Sales Growth
- A sustained upward trend in adjusted net sales is observed, with values increasing from 476,219 thousand US dollars in 2018 to 1,346,663 thousand US dollars by 2022. This represents continuous year-over-year growth, indicating a significant expansion in market reach or product adoption throughout the five-year window.
- Economic Profit Trends
- Economic profit remained negative from 2018 through 2021, suggesting that the returns generated during this period did not exceed the company's cost of capital. A notable deterioration occurred in 2021, where economic profit reached its lowest point at -151,390 thousand US dollars. However, a substantial reversal occurred in 2022, with economic profit shifting to a positive 94,609 thousand US dollars, marking a transition toward genuine value creation.
- Economic Profit Margin Analysis
- The economic profit margin mirrored the volatility of the absolute economic profit. The margin fluctuated between -3.53% in 2018 and a peak deficit of -14.56% in 2021. The shift to a positive margin of 7.03% in 2022 indicates that the company successfully scaled its operations to a point where profitability exceeded the required return on invested capital, effectively decoupling revenue growth from the previous trend of increasing economic losses.