Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
Economic Profit
Monster Beverage Corp., economic profit calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2023 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= 1,640,309 – 14.09% × 7,284,194 = 613,694
Over the five-year period from 2019 to 2023, the company consistently generated positive economic profit, demonstrating that returns on invested capital exceeded the minimum required cost of capital. While both net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) and invested capital exhibited overall growth, the resulting economic profit followed a non-linear trajectory, peaking in 2021 before experiencing a contraction and subsequent recovery.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT displayed a generally upward trend, rising from 1.08 billion in 2019 to 1.64 billion in 2023. A temporary decline occurred in 2022, where profit dropped to 1.23 billion from the previous year's 1.38 billion. However, 2023 marked the strongest operational performance in the period analyzed, with NOPAT increasing by approximately 34% year-over-year.
- Invested Capital and Cost of Capital
- Invested capital grew consistently and aggressively throughout the period, increasing from 3.94 billion in 2019 to 7.28 billion in 2023, representing a total growth of approximately 85%. Concurrently, the cost of capital remained virtually stagnant, fluctuating minimally between 14.09% and 14.10%. This stability indicates that the financial burden of the capital employed remained constant even as the scale of investment expanded.
- Economic Profit Dynamics
- Economic profit grew steadily from 2019 to 2021, reaching a peak of 696.89 million. A significant contraction occurred in 2022, with economic profit falling to 405.45 million. This decline was driven by the simultaneous occurrence of decreasing NOPAT and increasing invested capital, which raised the total capital charge. By 2023, economic profit recovered to 613.69 million, as the substantial surge in NOPAT offset the continued expansion of the invested capital base.
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Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Monster Beverage Corp., NOPAT calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts, sales returns and cash discounts.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.
5 2023 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= 59,547 × 4.70% = 2,799
6 2023 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest on finance lease liabilities = Adjusted interest on finance lease liabilities × Statutory income tax rate
= 3,054 × 21.00% = 641
7 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.
The financial data reveals notable trends in profitability over the five-year period ending December 31, 2023. Both net income and net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) exhibit fluctuations, with discernible variations that suggest changes in operational efficiency and overall profitability.
- Net Income
- Net income increased significantly from approximately 1.11 billion USD in 2019 to a peak of about 1.41 billion USD in 2020. This increase was followed by a slight decline to roughly 1.38 billion USD in 2021, then a more pronounced decrease to approximately 1.19 billion USD in 2022. However, net income rebounded strongly in 2023, reaching the highest value in the period, approximately 1.63 billion USD. This trajectory indicates periods of both growth and contraction, with a robust recovery in the latest year.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT shows a similar pattern to net income but with slightly different magnitudes. It rose from about 1.08 billion USD in 2019 to approximately 1.24 billion USD in 2020, continuing to increase to about 1.38 billion USD in 2021. However, it then declined to approximately 1.23 billion USD in 2022 before surging to its highest level of approximately 1.64 billion USD in 2023. This pattern of growth, decline, and subsequent recovery parallels the net income trend, reflecting operational profitability dynamics.
Overall, the data suggests that while there were challenges in 2021 and 2022, the company managed to overcome these setbacks by improving profitability significantly in 2023. The alignment between net income and NOPAT trends supports the interpretation that improvements in core operations and tax management contributed to the strong financial performance in the final year presented.
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Cash Operating Taxes
Monster Beverage Corp., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
The analysis of the financial data over the five-year period reveals fluctuations and trends in the provision for income taxes and cash operating taxes.
- Provision for Income Taxes
- The provision for income taxes began at $308,127 thousand at the end of 2019. There was a decline in 2020 to $216,563 thousand, indicating a significant reduction in tax provisions for that year. This was followed by a sharp increase to $423,944 thousand in 2021, nearly doubling from 2020. The value slightly decreased to $380,340 thousand in 2022 but rose again to $437,494 thousand by the end of 2023. Overall, the provision shows volatility with an upward trend after 2020, suggesting changing profitability or tax strategy impacts during the period.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash operating taxes rose from $311,101 thousand in 2019 to a peak of $399,574 thousand in 2021. After the peak, cash taxes decreased substantially to $335,159 thousand in 2022. The following year, 2023, saw cash operating taxes increase again to $407,458 thousand, the highest in the five-year period. This pattern indicates some variability year over year but an overall growth trend in actual cash taxes paid, despite the fluctuations.
In summary, both provisions for income taxes and cash operating taxes demonstrate variability over the period, with an overall upward trajectory after the dip in 2020. The divergence between provision and cash taxes in certain years points to timing differences or adjustments in tax liabilities and payments. These dynamics highlight the company’s changing tax expense environment and potential shifts in earnings or tax strategies across the analyzed timeframe.
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Invested Capital
Monster Beverage Corp., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of deferred revenue.
5 Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity.
6 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
7 Subtraction of assets under construction.
8 Subtraction of investments, available-for-sale.
The financial data reveals notable trends in the company's capital structure and equity position over the given five-year period.
- Total reported debt & leases
- The total reported debt and leases exhibit a fluctuating upward trend. Initially, the debt decreases from $29,948 thousand in 2019 to $21,336 thousand in 2020, showing a reduction in financial obligations. However, from 2020 onward, the debt burden increases consistently, reaching $66,015 thousand by the end of 2023. This represents more than a doubling from the 2019 level, indicating a rising reliance on debt financing or lease obligations in recent years.
- Stockholders’ equity
- Stockholders’ equity demonstrates continuous and substantial growth throughout the period. It rises from approximately $4,171,281 thousand in 2019 to $8,228,744 thousand in 2023. This nearly doubles the equity base, suggesting strong retained earnings, potential equity infusions, or value appreciation over time, reflecting a solid and expanding capital foundation for the company.
- Invested capital
- Invested capital also shows a consistent upward trajectory, increasing from $3,936,622 thousand in 2019 to $7,284,194 thousand in 2023. The growth in invested capital aligns with the growth in equity and rising debt levels, which indicates the company’s expansion efforts or reinvestment strategies. This suggests the company has increased its resources deployed in operations or assets, supporting ongoing business growth.
Overall, the data displays a pattern of expanding financial scale with increasing equity and invested capital, accompanied by a significant rise in debt and lease obligations in recent years. The upward trends in both equity and debt signify an aggressive growth strategy, leveraging both internal funds and external financing. While the equity growth reassures financial stability, the marked increase in debt from 2021 to 2023 may warrant attention regarding leverage and associated risks moving forward.
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Cost of Capital
Monster Beverage Corp., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 61,501,601) | 61,501,601) | ÷ | 61,567,616) | = | 1.00 | 1.00 | × | 14.10% | = | 14.09% | ||
| Finance lease liabilities3 | 6,468) | 6,468) | ÷ | 61,567,616) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 6.30% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 59,547) | 59,547) | ÷ | 61,567,616) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 4.70% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Total: | 61,567,616) | 1.00 | 14.09% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 51,823,008) | 51,823,008) | ÷ | 51,861,139) | = | 1.00 | 1.00 | × | 14.10% | = | 14.09% | ||
| Finance lease liabilities3 | 798) | 798) | ÷ | 51,861,139) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 3.60% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 37,333) | 37,333) | ÷ | 51,861,139) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 3.40% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Total: | 51,861,139) | 1.00 | 14.10% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 44,677,888) | 44,677,888) | ÷ | 44,700,268) | = | 1.00 | 1.00 | × | 14.10% | = | 14.10% | ||
| Finance lease liabilities3 | 1,001) | 1,001) | ÷ | 44,700,268) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 1.30% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 21,379) | 21,379) | ÷ | 44,700,268) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 3.50% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Total: | 44,700,268) | 1.00 | 14.10% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 46,243,679) | 46,243,679) | ÷ | 46,265,015) | = | 1.00 | 1.00 | × | 14.10% | = | 14.10% | ||
| Finance lease liabilities3 | 823) | 823) | ÷ | 46,265,015) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 1.90% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 20,513) | 20,513) | ÷ | 46,265,015) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 3.60% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Total: | 46,265,015) | 1.00 | 14.10% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 33,513,057) | 33,513,057) | ÷ | 33,543,005) | = | 1.00 | 1.00 | × | 14.10% | = | 14.09% | ||
| Finance lease liabilities3 | 1,485) | 1,485) | ÷ | 33,543,005) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 2.90% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 28,463) | 28,463) | ÷ | 33,543,005) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 3.10% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Total: | 33,543,005) | 1.00 | 14.09% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Monster Beverage Corp., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | 613,694) | 405,446) | 696,892) | 627,106) | 526,851) | |
| Invested capital2 | 7,284,194) | 5,815,467) | 4,854,459) | 4,323,610) | 3,936,622) | |
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | 8.43% | 6.97% | 14.36% | 14.50% | 13.38% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Coca-Cola Co. | 4.21% | 3.90% | 5.44% | — | — | |
| Mondelēz International Inc. | 0.11% | -3.71% | -0.70% | — | — | |
| PepsiCo Inc. | 4.44% | 4.42% | 4.97% | — | — | |
| Philip Morris International Inc. | 9.01% | 11.97% | 26.31% | — | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2023 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × 613,694 ÷ 7,284,194 = 8.43%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
An analysis of the economic value added metrics reveals a period of expansion and peak performance followed by significant volatility and a subsequent partial recovery between 2019 and 2023.
- Economic Profit Trends
- Economic profit demonstrated an upward trajectory from 2019 through 2021, reaching a peak of 696,892 thousand dollars. A sharp contraction occurred in 2022, with profit declining to 405,446 thousand dollars. By the end of 2023, a recovery was observed, with economic profit rising to 613,694 thousand dollars, although it remained below the 2021 high.
- Invested Capital Expansion
- A consistent and uninterrupted increase in invested capital was recorded over the five-year period. The capital base grew from 3,936,622 thousand dollars in 2019 to 7,284,194 thousand dollars in 2023. This steady growth indicates a continuous allocation of resources into the company's operational assets.
- Economic Spread Ratio Performance
- The economic spread ratio, representing the efficiency of the invested capital in generating economic profit, peaked at 14.50% in 2020. A significant deterioration in capital efficiency occurred in 2022, where the ratio fell to 6.97%. This decline was the result of a simultaneous decrease in economic profit and an increase in the invested capital base. While the ratio improved to 8.43% in 2023, it indicates that the current efficiency of capital utilization is substantially lower than the levels maintained between 2019 and 2021.
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Economic Profit Margin
Monster Beverage Corp., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | 613,694) | 405,446) | 696,892) | 627,106) | 526,851) | |
| Net sales | 7,140,027) | 6,311,050) | 5,541,352) | 4,598,638) | 4,200,819) | |
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue | (20,946) | (18,668) | (24,086) | (21,841) | (24,563) | |
| Adjusted net sales | 7,119,081) | 6,292,382) | 5,517,266) | 4,576,797) | 4,176,256) | |
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | 8.62% | 6.44% | 12.63% | 13.70% | 12.62% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Coca-Cola Co. | 7.69% | 7.26% | 11.29% | — | — | |
| Mondelēz International Inc. | 0.18% | -7.52% | -1.50% | — | — | |
| PepsiCo Inc. | 3.64% | 3.55% | 4.37% | — | — | |
| Philip Morris International Inc. | 13.16% | 17.84% | 24.42% | — | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2023 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted net sales
= 100 × 613,694 ÷ 7,119,081 = 8.62%
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial performance from 2019 to 2023 is characterized by consistent revenue expansion coupled with volatility in economic value creation.
- Adjusted Net Sales Trend
- A continuous upward trajectory is observed in adjusted net sales, which grew from 4,176,256 thousand US dollars in 2019 to 7,119,081 thousand US dollars by 2023. This represents a steady increase in top-line scale over the five-year period.
- Economic Profit Performance
- Economic profit demonstrated a non-linear progression, increasing from 526,851 thousand US dollars in 2019 to a peak of 696,892 thousand US dollars in 2021. A sharp contraction occurred in 2022, with the figure falling to 405,446 thousand US dollars. A partial recovery was achieved in 2023, as economic profit rose to 613,694 thousand US dollars.
- Economic Profit Margin Analysis
- The economic profit margin experienced significant fluctuation, peaking at 13.70% in 2020. A substantial compression followed, reaching a low of 6.44% in 2022. While the margin recovered to 8.62% in 2023, it remained below the levels maintained between 2019 and 2021. This suggests that the growth in adjusted net sales did not translate into a proportional increase in economic value added during the latter part of the period.
In summary, while there is evidence of sustained growth in sales volume, the volatility in the economic profit margin indicates a period of diminished efficiency in value creation during 2022, followed by a trend toward stabilization in 2023.
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