Enterprise Value to EBITDA (EV/EBITDA)

Earnings before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA)
EV to EBITDA Ratio, Current
EV to EBITDA Ratio, Historical

Earnings before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA)

Linde plc, EBITDA calculation

US$ in millions

12 months ended:	Dec 31, 2023	Dec 31, 2022	Dec 31, 2021	Dec 31, 2020	Dec 31, 2019
Net income, Linde plc	6,199)	4,147)	3,826)	2,501)	2,285)
Add: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	142)	134)	135)	125)	96)
Less: Income from discontinued operations, net of tax	—)	—)	5)	4)	109)
Add: Income tax expense	1,814)	1,434)	1,262)	847)	769)
Earnings before tax (EBT)	8,155)	5,715)	5,218)	3,469)	3,041)
Add: Interest expense	397)	180)	117)	170)	150)
Earnings before interest and tax (EBIT)	8,552)	5,895)	5,335)	3,639)	3,191)
Add: Depreciation and amortization	3,816)	4,204)	4,635)	4,626)	4,675)
Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA)	12,368)	10,099)	9,970)	8,265)	7,866)

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).

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Item	Description	The company
EBITDA	To calculate EBITDA analysts start with net earnings. To that earnings number, interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization are added. EBITDA as a pre-interest number is a flow to all providers of capital.	Linde plc EBITDA increased from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023.

Enterprise Value to EBITDA Ratio, Current

Linde plc, current EV/EBITDA calculation, comparison to benchmarks

Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Enterprise value (EV)	231,254)
Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA)	12,368)
Valuation Ratio
EV/EBITDA	18.70
Benchmarks
EV/EBITDA, Industry
Materials	17.25

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).

If the company EV/EBITDA is lower then the EV/EBITDA of benchmark then company is relatively undervalued.
Otherwise, if the company EV/EBITDA is higher then the EV/EBITDA of benchmark then company is relatively overvalued.

Enterprise Value to EBITDA Ratio, Historical

Linde plc, historical EV/EBITDA calculation, comparison to benchmarks

	Dec 31, 2023	Dec 31, 2022	Dec 31, 2021	Dec 31, 2020	Dec 31, 2019
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Enterprise value (EV)¹	233,551)	185,434)	161,844)	146,303)	119,310)
Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA)²	12,368)	10,099)	9,970)	8,265)	7,866)
Valuation Ratio
EV/EBITDA³	18.88	18.36	16.23	17.70	15.17
Benchmarks
EV/EBITDA, Industry
Materials	16.20	13.49	12.02	14.14	12.12

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).

¹ See details »

² See details »

³ 2023 Calculation
EV/EBITDA = EV ÷ EBITDA
= 233,551 ÷ 12,368 = 18.88

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Valuation ratio	Description	The company
EV/EBITDA	Enterprise value to earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization is a valuation indicator for the overall company rather than common stock.	Linde plc EV/EBITDA ratio increased from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023.

Linde plc (NASDAQ:LIN)

Enterprise Value to EBITDA (EV/EBITDA)

Earnings before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA)

Enterprise Value to EBITDA Ratio, Current

Enterprise Value to EBITDA Ratio, Historical