Stock Analysis on Net
Stock Analysis on Net

Linde plc (NASDAQ:LIN)

$24.99

Analysis of Income Taxes

Microsoft Excel

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Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

Linde plc, income tax expense (benefit), continuing operations

US$ in millions

Microsoft Excel
12 months ended: Dec 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019
U.S. federal
State and local
Non-U.S.
Current tax expense
U.S. federal
State and local
Non-U.S.
Deferred tax benefit
Provision for income taxes

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).

Item Description The company
Current tax expense Amount of current income tax expense (benefit) pertaining to taxable income (loss) from continuing operations. Linde plc current tax expense increased from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023.
Deferred tax benefit Amount of deferred income tax expense (benefit) pertaining to income (loss) from continuing operations. Linde plc deferred tax benefit decreased from 2021 to 2022 but then increased from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level.
Provision for income taxes Amount of current income tax expense (benefit) and deferred income tax expense (benefit) pertaining to continuing operations. Linde plc provision for income taxes increased from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023.

Effective Income Tax Rate (EITR)

Linde plc, effective income tax rate (EITR) reconciliation

Microsoft Excel
Dec 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019
U.S. statutory income tax rate
State and local taxes, net of federal benefit
Tax on Non-U.S. activities
Share-Based compensation
Divestitures
Russia/Ukraine Charges
Other
Effective tax rate

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).

Item Description The company
Effective tax rate Percentage of current income tax expense (benefit) and deferred income tax expense (benefit) pertaining to continuing operations. Linde plc effective tax rate increased from 2021 to 2022 but then decreased significantly from 2022 to 2023.

Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

Linde plc, components of deferred tax assets and liabilities

US$ in millions

Microsoft Excel
Dec 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019
Carryforwards
Benefit plans and related
Inventory
Accruals and other
Deferred tax assets, before valuation allowances
Valuation allowances
Deferred tax assets
Fixed assets
Goodwill
Other intangible assets
Subsidiary/equity investments
Other
Deferred tax liabilities
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).

Item Description The company
Deferred tax assets, before valuation allowances Amount before allocation of valuation allowances of deferred tax asset attributable to deductible temporary differences and carryforwards. Linde plc deferred tax assets, before valuation allowances decreased from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023.
Deferred tax assets Amount after allocation of valuation allowances of deferred tax asset attributable to deductible temporary differences and carryforwards. Linde plc deferred tax assets decreased from 2021 to 2022 but then slightly increased from 2022 to 2023.
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) Amount, after allocation of valuation allowances and deferred tax liability, of deferred tax asset attributable to deductible differences and carryforwards, without jurisdictional netting. Linde plc net deferred tax assets (liabilities) increased from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023.

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities, Classification

Linde plc, deferred tax assets and liabilities, classification

US$ in millions

Microsoft Excel
Dec 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019
Deferred tax assets (included in Other long-term assets)
Deferred tax liabilities (included in Deferred credits)

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).

Item Description The company
Deferred tax assets (included in Other long-term assets) Amount, after allocation of valuation allowances and deferred tax liability, of deferred tax asset attributable to deductible differences and carryforwards, with jurisdictional netting and classified as noncurrent. Linde plc deferred tax assets (included in Other long-term assets) decreased from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023.
Deferred tax liabilities (included in Deferred credits) Amount, after deferred tax asset, of deferred tax liability attributable to taxable differences, with jurisdictional netting and classified as noncurrent. Linde plc deferred tax liabilities (included in Deferred credits) decreased from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023.

Adjustments to Financial Statements: Removal of Deferred Taxes

Linde plc, adjustments to financial statements

US$ in millions

Microsoft Excel
Dec 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019
Adjustment to Total Assets
Total assets (as reported)
Less: Noncurrent deferred tax assets, net
Total assets (adjusted)
Adjustment to Total Liabilities
Total liabilities (as reported)
Less: Noncurrent deferred tax liabilities, net
Total liabilities (adjusted)
Adjustment to Total Linde Plc Shareholders’ Equity
Total Linde plc shareholders’ equity (as reported)
Less: Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)
Total Linde plc shareholders’ equity (adjusted)
Adjustment to Net Income, Linde Plc
Net income, Linde plc (as reported)
Add: Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
Net income, Linde plc (adjusted)

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).

Linde plc, Financial Data: Reported vs. Adjusted

Adjusted Financial Ratios: Removal of Deferred Taxes (Summary)

Linde plc, adjusted financial ratios

Microsoft Excel
Dec 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019
Net Profit Margin
Reported net profit margin
Adjusted net profit margin
Total Asset Turnover
Reported total asset turnover
Adjusted total asset turnover
Financial Leverage
Reported financial leverage
Adjusted financial leverage
Return on Equity (ROE)
Reported ROE
Adjusted ROE
Return on Assets (ROA)
Reported ROA
Adjusted ROA

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).

Financial ratio Description The company
Adjusted net profit margin An indicator of profitability, calculated as adjusted net income divided by total revenue. Linde plc adjusted net profit margin ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 but then improved from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level.
Adjusted total asset turnover An activity ratio calculated as total revenue divided by adjusted total assets. Linde plc adjusted total asset turnover ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then slightly deteriorated from 2022 to 2023.
Adjusted financial leverage A measure of financial leverage calculated as adjusted total assets divided by adjusted total equity.
Financial leverage is the extent to which a company can effect, through the use of debt, a proportional change in the return on common equity that is greater than a given proportional change in operating income.		 Linde plc adjusted financial leverage ratio increased from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023.
Adjusted ROE A profitability ratio calculated as adjusted net income divided by adjusted shareholders’ equity. Linde plc adjusted ROE improved from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023.
Adjusted ROA A profitability ratio calculated as adjusted net income divided by adjusted total assets. Linde plc adjusted ROA improved from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023.

Linde plc, Financial Ratios: Reported vs. Adjusted

Adjusted Net Profit Margin

Microsoft Excel
Dec 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019
As Reported
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Net income, Linde plc
Sales
Profitability Ratio
Net profit margin1
Adjusted for Deferred Taxes
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Adjusted net income, Linde plc
Sales
Profitability Ratio
Adjusted net profit margin2

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).

2023 Calculations

1 Net profit margin = 100 × Net income, Linde plc ÷ Sales
= 100 × ÷ =

2 Adjusted net profit margin = 100 × Adjusted net income, Linde plc ÷ Sales
= 100 × ÷ =

Profitability ratio Description The company
Adjusted net profit margin An indicator of profitability, calculated as adjusted net income divided by total revenue. Linde plc adjusted net profit margin ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 but then improved from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level.

Adjusted Total Asset Turnover

Microsoft Excel
Dec 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019
As Reported
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Sales
Total assets
Activity Ratio
Total asset turnover1
Adjusted for Deferred Taxes
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Sales
Adjusted total assets
Activity Ratio
Adjusted total asset turnover2

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).

2023 Calculations

1 Total asset turnover = Sales ÷ Total assets
= ÷ =

2 Adjusted total asset turnover = Sales ÷ Adjusted total assets
= ÷ =

Activity ratio Description The company
Adjusted total asset turnover An activity ratio calculated as total revenue divided by adjusted total assets. Linde plc adjusted total asset turnover ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then slightly deteriorated from 2022 to 2023.

Adjusted Financial Leverage

Microsoft Excel
Dec 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019
As Reported
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Total assets
Total Linde plc shareholders’ equity
Solvency Ratio
Financial leverage1
Adjusted for Deferred Taxes
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Adjusted total assets
Adjusted total Linde plc shareholders’ equity
Solvency Ratio
Adjusted financial leverage2

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).

2023 Calculations

1 Financial leverage = Total assets ÷ Total Linde plc shareholders’ equity
= ÷ =

2 Adjusted financial leverage = Adjusted total assets ÷ Adjusted total Linde plc shareholders’ equity
= ÷ =

Solvency ratio Description The company
Adjusted financial leverage A measure of financial leverage calculated as adjusted total assets divided by adjusted total equity.
Financial leverage is the extent to which a company can effect, through the use of debt, a proportional change in the return on common equity that is greater than a given proportional change in operating income.		 Linde plc adjusted financial leverage ratio increased from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023.

Adjusted Return on Equity (ROE)

Microsoft Excel
Dec 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019
As Reported
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Net income, Linde plc
Total Linde plc shareholders’ equity
Profitability Ratio
ROE1
Adjusted for Deferred Taxes
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Adjusted net income, Linde plc
Adjusted total Linde plc shareholders’ equity
Profitability Ratio
Adjusted ROE2

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).

2023 Calculations

1 ROE = 100 × Net income, Linde plc ÷ Total Linde plc shareholders’ equity
= 100 × ÷ =

2 Adjusted ROE = 100 × Adjusted net income, Linde plc ÷ Adjusted total Linde plc shareholders’ equity
= 100 × ÷ =

Profitability ratio Description The company
Adjusted ROE A profitability ratio calculated as adjusted net income divided by adjusted shareholders’ equity. Linde plc adjusted ROE improved from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023.

Adjusted Return on Assets (ROA)

Microsoft Excel
Dec 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019
As Reported
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Net income, Linde plc
Total assets
Profitability Ratio
ROA1
Adjusted for Deferred Taxes
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Adjusted net income, Linde plc
Adjusted total assets
Profitability Ratio
Adjusted ROA2

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).

2023 Calculations

1 ROA = 100 × Net income, Linde plc ÷ Total assets
= 100 × ÷ =

2 Adjusted ROA = 100 × Adjusted net income, Linde plc ÷ Adjusted total assets
= 100 × ÷ =

Profitability ratio Description The company
Adjusted ROA A profitability ratio calculated as adjusted net income divided by adjusted total assets. Linde plc adjusted ROA improved from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023.