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Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.

Economic Profit
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Cash Operating Taxes
Invested Capital
Cost of Capital
Economic Spread Ratio
Economic Profit Margin

General Electric Co., economic profit calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)¹
	Cost of capital²
	Invested capital³

	Economic profit⁴

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-24), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-27).

¹ NOPAT. See details »

² Cost of capital. See details »

³ Invested capital. See details »

<>⁴ 2018 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
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Item	Description	The company
Economic profit	Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital.	General Electric Co.’s economic profit declined from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018.

General Electric Co., NOPAT calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Net earnings (loss) attributable to the Company
	Deferred income tax expense (benefit)¹
	Increase (decrease) in allowance for losses²
	Increase (decrease) in LIFO reserve³
	Increase (decrease) in liability for product warranties⁴
	Increase (decrease) in equity equivalents⁵
	Interest and other financial charges
	Interest expense, operating lease liability⁶
	Adjusted interest and other financial charges
	Tax benefit of interest and other financial charges⁷
	Adjusted interest and other financial charges, after taxes⁸
	(Gain) loss on marketable securities
	Investment income, before taxes
	Tax expense (benefit) of investment income⁹
	Investment income, after taxes¹⁰
	(Income) loss from discontinued operations, net of tax¹¹
	Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest
	Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-24), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-27).

¹ Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »

² Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for losses.

³ Addition of increase (decrease) in LIFO reserve. See details »

⁴ Addition of increase (decrease) in liability for product warranties.

⁵ Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net earnings (loss) attributable to the Company.

⁶ 2018 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
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⁷ 2018 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest and other financial charges = Adjusted interest and other financial charges × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

⁸ Addition of after taxes interest expense to net earnings (loss) attributable to the Company.

⁹ 2018 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= hidden × 21.00% = hidden

¹⁰ Elimination of after taxes investment income.

¹¹ Elimination of discontinued operations.

Item	Description	The company
NOPAT	Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income.	General Electric Co.’s NOPAT declined from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018.

General Electric Co., cash operating taxes calculation

US$ in millions

	12 months ended	Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Provision (benefit) for income taxes
	Less: Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
	Add: Tax savings from interest and other financial charges
	Less: Tax imposed on investment income
	Cash operating taxes

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-24), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-27).

Item	Description	The company
Cash operating taxes	Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction.	General Electric Co.’s cash operating taxes increased from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018.

General Electric Co., invested capital calculation (financing approach)

US$ in millions

		Dec 31, 2018	Dec 31, 2017	Dec 31, 2016	Dec 31, 2015	Dec 31, 2014
	Short-term borrowings
	Non-recourse borrowings of consolidated securitization entities
	Bank deposits
	Long-term borrowings
	Operating lease liability¹
	Total reported debt & leases
	Total GE shareowners’ equity
	Net deferred tax (assets) liabilities²
	Allowance for losses³
	LIFO reserve⁴
	Liability for product warranties⁵
	Equity equivalents⁶
	Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax⁷
	Redeemable noncontrolling interests
	Noncontrolling interests
	Adjusted total GE shareowners’ equity
	Leasehold costs and manufacturing plant under construction⁸
	Investment securities⁹
	Invested capital

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-23), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-24), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-27).

¹ Addition of capitalized operating leases.

² Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »

³ Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.

⁴ Addition of LIFO reserve. See details »

⁵ Addition of liability for product warranties.

⁶ Addition of equity equivalents to total GE shareowners’ equity.

⁷ Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.

⁸ Subtraction of leasehold costs and manufacturing plant under construction.

⁹ Subtraction of investment securities.

Item	Description	The company
Invested capital	Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities.	General Electric Co.’s invested capital increased from 2016 to 2017 but then declined significantly from 2017 to 2018.

General Electric Co., cost of capital calculations


Equity²	÷	=	×		=
Preferred stock	÷	=	×		=
Borrowings, include interest rate and currency derivatives designated as hedges of borrowings³	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Operating lease liability⁴	÷	=	×	× (1 – 21.00%)	=
Total:

Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26).

¹ US$ in millions

² Equity. See details »