Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
Economic Profit
Abiomed Inc., economic profit calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-03-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2022 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= 140,811 – 21.88% × 693,367 = -10,898
An analysis of economic performance from March 31, 2017, to March 31, 2022, reveals a trajectory of rapid value creation followed by a period of diminishing returns, culminating in value destruction in the final year. While operational profits saw significant growth in the early part of the period, the simultaneous and aggressive expansion of the capital base eventually eroded the economic surplus.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT) Performance
- A strong upward trend in NOPAT was observed between 2017 and 2019, with figures rising from 79.8 million to a peak of 253.6 million. This growth plateaued between 2019 and 2021, maintaining a range between 239.7 million and 259.9 million. However, a sharp contraction occurred by March 31, 2022, with NOPAT falling to 140.8 million, indicating a significant decrease in operating profitability.
- Capital Investment and Cost of Capital
- The cost of capital remained exceptionally stable throughout the entire period, fluctuating minimally around 21.8%. In contrast, invested capital grew consistently and substantially, increasing from 226.7 million in 2017 to a peak of 737.8 million in 2021. A slight reduction in invested capital was noted in 2022, decreasing to 693.3 million.
- Economic Profit and Value Generation
- Economic profit experienced a period of expansion, peaking in 2019 at 144.7 million. From 2020 onward, a consistent decline was observed as the growth in invested capital outpaced the growth in NOPAT, thereby increasing the capital charge. This downward trend culminated in March 31, 2022, when economic profit transitioned to a negative value of -10.8 million, signifying that the return on invested capital fell below the cost of capital.
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Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Abiomed Inc., NOPAT calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-03-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for credit losses.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in product warranty.
5 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.
6 2022 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= 9,507 × 1.61% = 153
7 2022 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= 153 × 21.00% = 32
8 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.
- Net Income
- The net income demonstrates an overall increasing trend from 2017 to 2021, starting at 52,116 thousand US dollars in 2017 and more than quadrupling to 225,525 thousand US dollars by 2021. However, in the latest period reported (2022), net income declined significantly to 136,505 thousand US dollars, representing a reduction of approximately 39.5% compared to 2021. This sharp decrease after several years of growth may indicate emerging operational challenges or external factors impacting profitability.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT follows a similar upward pattern from 2017 to 2021, increasing from 79,888 thousand US dollars to a peak of 259,982 thousand US dollars in 2021. This progressive increase suggests improving operating efficiency and strong core profitability over this period. However, like net income, NOPAT experienced a noteworthy contraction in 2022, falling to 140,811 thousand US dollars, which constitutes a decrease of approximately 45.8% relative to 2021. The decrease in NOPAT correlates with the drop in net income, reinforcing the indication of decreased operational performance in the latest year.
- Comparative Insights
- Both profitability measures show consistent and substantial growth over the first five years reviewed, reflecting positive business momentum. The alignment in trends between net income and NOPAT suggests that the company’s profitability changes are primarily driven by operating activities rather than non-operating factors. The pronounced decline in 2022 in both metrics represents a notable deviation from prior periods, which warrants further investigation into causes such as market conditions, cost structure changes, or other external influences.
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Cash Operating Taxes
Abiomed Inc., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-03-31).
- Income Tax Provision
- The income tax provision fluctuates considerably over the period analyzed. It initially increased from 39,227 thousand US dollars in March 2017 to a peak of 48,267 thousand US dollars in March 2018. Subsequently, it sharply declined to 4,344 thousand US dollars in March 2019, indicating a significant reduction in tax liabilities or adjustments for that year. However, it rebounded markedly to 53,816 thousand US dollars in March 2020 and continued to rise to 62,695 thousand US dollars in March 2021 before decreasing again to 54,055 thousand US dollars in March 2022. This pattern suggests considerable variability likely influenced by changes in taxable income, tax planning strategies, or tax legislation.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash operating taxes show an inconsistent but generally upward trend over the years. Starting at 13,626 thousand US dollars in March 2017, there is a notable decline to 5,738 thousand US dollars in March 2018. This is followed by a recovery to 12,089 thousand US dollars in March 2019. From March 2020 onwards, cash operating taxes consistently increase, reaching 20,943 thousand US dollars, 33,340 thousand US dollars in March 2021, and peaking at 51,674 thousand US dollars by March 2022. The sharp increase in recent years could reflect higher taxable operational earnings or timing differences between accounting income and tax payments.
- Comparative Insights
- The contrasting patterns between income tax provision and cash operating taxes are of note. While income tax provision shows extreme variability, cash operating taxes trend more steadily upwards after an initial decline. This discrepancy might indicate differences between accrued tax expenses and actual cash tax payments, possibly due to deferred tax assets or liabilities, tax credits, or changes in accounting estimates. The rise in cash taxes despite fluctuations in tax provision could imply a strengthening of the company's cash tax outflows in recent years.
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Invested Capital
Abiomed Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-03-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of deferred revenue.
5 Addition of product warranty.
6 Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity.
7 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
8 Subtraction of construction in progress.
9 Subtraction of marketable securities.
The financial data over the six-year period reveals notable trends in the capital structure and equity position. There is a pronounced fluctuation in total reported debt and leases, with an initial sharp decline from 23,800 thousand USD in 2017 to 10,089 thousand USD in 2018. This is followed by moderate increases and decreases over the subsequent years, culminating in a value of 9,507 thousand USD in 2022, which remains below the initial figure in 2017. This suggests efforts to reduce or manage debt levels with some variability year-over-year.
The stockholders’ equity demonstrates consistent and substantial growth throughout the period. Starting at 452,071 thousand USD in 2017, it more than triples by 2022, reaching 1,503,326 thousand USD. This steady increase signals strengthening equity financing and accumulation of retained earnings or capital contributions, indicating a robust equity base and potentially improved financial stability over time.
Invested capital shows an overall increasing trend from 226,723 thousand USD in 2017 to a peak of 737,876 thousand USD in 2021, before a slight decline to 693,367 thousand USD in 2022. This upward movement may reflect ongoing investments in business operations, assets, or strategic initiatives. The minor decrease in the final year could be indicative of divestments, asset disposals, or revaluation adjustments.
- Total Reported Debt & Leases
- Initial significant reduction followed by moderate fluctuations, ending below the initial value, suggesting active debt management.
- Stockholders’ Equity
- Consistent and strong growth, tripling over the period, reflecting enhanced financial strength and shareholder value.
- Invested Capital
- General upward trend with a peak in 2021 and slight decline in 2022, indicating increased capital investment with some recent contraction.
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Cost of Capital
Abiomed Inc., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 10,741,698) | 10,741,698) | ÷ | 10,751,205) | = | 1.00 | 1.00 | × | 21.90% | = | 21.88% | ||
| Capital lease obligation3 | —) | —) | ÷ | 10,751,205) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 0.00% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 9,507) | 9,507) | ÷ | 10,751,205) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 1.61% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Total: | 10,751,205) | 1.00 | 21.88% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-03-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Capital lease obligation. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 12,682,874) | 12,682,874) | ÷ | 12,688,990) | = | 1.00 | 1.00 | × | 21.90% | = | 21.89% | ||
| Capital lease obligation3 | —) | —) | ÷ | 12,688,990) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 0.00% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 6,116) | 6,116) | ÷ | 12,688,990) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 1.96% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Total: | 12,688,990) | 1.00 | 21.89% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-03-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Capital lease obligation. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 8,825,950) | 8,825,950) | ÷ | 8,838,170) | = | 1.00 | 1.00 | × | 21.90% | = | 21.87% | ||
| Capital lease obligation3 | —) | —) | ÷ | 8,838,170) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 0.00% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 12,220) | 12,220) | ÷ | 8,838,170) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 3.12% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Total: | 8,838,170) | 1.00 | 21.87% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-03-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Capital lease obligation. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 11,851,559) | 11,851,559) | ÷ | 11,865,833) | = | 1.00 | 1.00 | × | 21.90% | = | 21.87% | ||
| Capital lease obligation3 | —) | —) | ÷ | 11,865,833) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 0.00% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 14,274) | 14,274) | ÷ | 11,865,833) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 0.00% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Total: | 11,865,833) | 1.00 | 21.87% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-03-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Capital lease obligation. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 17,544,728) | 17,544,728) | ÷ | 17,554,817) | = | 1.00 | 1.00 | × | 21.90% | = | 21.89% | ||
| Capital lease obligation3 | —) | —) | ÷ | 17,554,817) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 0.00% × (1 – 31.50%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 10,089) | 10,089) | ÷ | 17,554,817) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 0.00% × (1 – 31.50%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Total: | 17,554,817) | 1.00 | 21.89% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-03-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Capital lease obligation. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 5,954,171) | 5,954,171) | ÷ | 5,977,971) | = | 1.00 | 1.00 | × | 21.90% | = | 21.81% | ||
| Capital lease obligation3 | 16,338) | 16,338) | ÷ | 5,977,971) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 2.99% × (1 – 35.00%) | = | 0.01% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 7,462) | 7,462) | ÷ | 5,977,971) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 2.99% × (1 – 35.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Total: | 5,977,971) | 1.00 | 21.82% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-03-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Capital lease obligation. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Abiomed Inc., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Mar 31, 2022 | Mar 31, 2021 | Mar 31, 2020 | Mar 31, 2019 | Mar 31, 2018 | Mar 31, 2017 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | (10,898) | 98,472) | 109,620) | 144,784) | 99,973) | 30,420) | |
| Invested capital2 | 693,367) | 737,876) | 594,867) | 497,537) | 273,719) | 226,723) | |
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | -1.57% | 13.35% | 18.43% | 29.10% | 36.52% | 13.42% | |
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | |||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | -2.46% | -1.98% | — | — | — | — | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | 0.14% | 1.46% | — | — | — | — | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | -3.34% | 12.27% | — | — | — | — | |
| Medtronic PLC | -5.09% | -6.73% | — | — | — | — | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | 4.06% | 3.91% | — | — | — | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-03-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2022 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × -10,898 ÷ 693,367 = -1.57%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The analysis of the economic value creation metrics reveals a cycle of rapid expansion followed by a significant deterioration in capital efficiency. Between 2017 and 2022, the entity experienced a period of substantial growth in economic profit and invested capital, which subsequently shifted toward a decline in value generation, culminating in a negative economic spread by the end of the period.
- Economic Profit Trends
- Economic profit exhibited a sharp upward trajectory in the early years, rising from 30,420 thousand USD in 2017 to a peak of 144,784 thousand USD in 2019. However, a consistent decline followed over the subsequent three years. By March 31, 2022, economic profit shifted into negative territory, reaching -10,898 thousand USD, indicating that the returns generated were insufficient to cover the cost of the capital employed.
- Invested Capital Growth
- The capital base expanded aggressively from 226,723 thousand USD in 2017 to a peak of 737,876 thousand USD in 2021. This represents more than a threefold increase in invested capital over five years. A slight contraction occurred in 2022, with capital decreasing to 693,367 thousand USD, though this reduction was not sufficient to offset the decline in profitability.
- Economic Spread Ratio Analysis
- The economic spread ratio, which measures the efficiency of capital utilization relative to the cost of capital, peaked in 2018 at 36.52%. From that point, a steady and precipitous decline is observed. The ratio fell to 29.10% in 2019, 18.43% in 2020, and 13.35% in 2021. The trend concluded with a negative spread of -1.57% in 2022, signaling that the return on invested capital fell below the required cost of capital.
The divergence between the growth of invested capital and the trajectory of economic profit suggests a diminishing marginal return on investment. While the organization successfully scaled its capital base through 2021, the inability to maintain proportional growth in economic profit led to the erosion of the economic spread. The final transition to a negative spread ratio indicates a period of value destruction rather than value creation.
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Economic Profit Margin
Abiomed Inc., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Mar 31, 2022 | Mar 31, 2021 | Mar 31, 2020 | Mar 31, 2019 | Mar 31, 2018 | Mar 31, 2017 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | (10,898) | 98,472) | 109,620) | 144,784) | 99,973) | 30,420) | |
| Revenue | 1,031,753) | 847,522) | 840,883) | 769,432) | 593,749) | 445,304) | |
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue | 2,040) | 5,175) | 2,754) | 1,423) | 4,475) | 1,717) | |
| Adjusted revenue | 1,033,793) | 852,697) | 843,637) | 770,855) | 598,224) | 447,021) | |
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | -1.05% | 11.55% | 12.99% | 18.78% | 16.71% | 6.81% | |
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | |||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | -3.45% | -2.85% | — | — | — | — | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | 0.06% | 0.68% | — | — | — | — | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | -2.89% | 9.66% | — | — | — | — | |
| Medtronic PLC | -11.17% | -16.16% | — | — | — | — | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | 2.08% | 1.92% | — | — | — | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-03-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2022 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted revenue
= 100 × -10,898 ÷ 1,033,793 = -1.05%
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
Between March 31, 2017, and March 31, 2022, a divergence is observed between revenue growth and economic value creation. While adjusted revenue demonstrated consistent year-over-year growth, economic profit followed a parabolic trajectory, peaking in 2019 before declining into negative territory by 2022.
- Adjusted Revenue Growth
- A steady upward trend in adjusted revenue is evident throughout the period, increasing from US$ 447,021 thousand in 2017 to US$ 1,033,793 thousand in 2022. This represents a sustained expansion of the company's top-line operations over the six-year interval.
- Economic Profit Volatility
- Economic profit experienced rapid growth in the early part of the period, rising from US$ 30,420 thousand in 2017 to a peak of US$ 144,784 thousand in 2019. However, a subsequent decline occurred, with profit falling to US$ 109,620 thousand in 2020 and US$ 98,472 thousand in 2021, ultimately resulting in an economic loss of US$ 10,898 thousand by March 31, 2022.
- Economic Profit Margin Trends
- The economic profit margin mirrored the volatility of the absolute economic profit. The margin expanded significantly from 6.81% in 2017 to a maximum of 18.78% in 2019. Following this peak, the margin contracted to 12.99% in 2020 and 11.55% in 2021, before dropping to -1.05% in 2022.
The analysis indicates that while the company successfully scaled its revenue, the efficiency of value creation relative to the cost of capital deteriorated. The transition to a negative economic profit margin in 2022 suggests that the returns generated by the company's operations were no longer sufficient to cover its economic cost of capital, despite reaching its highest revenue level during the period.
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