Return on Capital (ROC)
Return on capital (ROC) is after tax rate of return on net business assets. ROIC is unaffected by changes in interest rates or company debt and equity structure. It measures business productivity performance.
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)
Humana Inc., ROIC calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | 2,726) | 3,053) | 3,172) | 3,874) | 3,029) | |
| Invested capital2 | 30,225) | 29,089) | 30,647) | 21,850) | 18,877) | |
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| ROIC3 | 9.02% | 10.50% | 10.35% | 17.73% | 16.04% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| ROIC, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | 8.87% | 10.96% | 11.30% | 8.01% | 6.47% | |
| Cigna Group | 5.63% | 8.53% | 6.88% | 9.84% | 6.50% | |
| CVS Health Corp. | 7.17% | 3.13% | 7.01% | 6.63% | 5.97% | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | 9.35% | 10.17% | 11.14% | 8.67% | 9.75% | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | 22.30% | 22.01% | 37.63% | 25.62% | 42.29% | |
| Medtronic PLC | 5.89% | 7.02% | 5.59% | 6.20% | 7.51% | |
| Shockwave Medical Inc. | 25.35% | 38.37% | -4.08% | -70.24% | -31.36% | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | 14.59% | 13.68% | 13.51% | 13.84% | 13.91% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2023 Calculation
ROIC = 100 × NOPAT ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × 2,726 ÷ 30,225 = 9.02%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| ROIC | A measure of the periodic, after tax, cash-on-cash yield earned in the business. | Humana Inc. ROIC improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
Decomposition of ROIC
Humana Inc., decomposition of ROIC
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Operating profit margin (OPM). See calculations »
2 Turnover of capital (TO). See calculations »
3 Effective cash tax rate (CTR). See calculations »
The primary reason for the decrease in return on invested capital (ROIC) over 2023 year is the decrease in profitability measured by operating profit margin (OPM) ratio.
Operating Profit Margin (OPM)
Humana Inc., OPM calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | 2,726) | 3,053) | 3,172) | 3,874) | 3,029) | |
| Add: Cash operating taxes2 | 1,108) | 950) | 543) | 1,175) | 656) | |
| Net operating profit before taxes (NOPBT) | 3,834) | 4,003) | 3,715) | 5,049) | 3,684) | |
| External revenues | 105,305) | 92,488) | 82,877) | 76,001) | 64,387) | |
| Add: Increase (decrease) in unearned revenues | (20) | 32) | (64) | 71) | (36) | |
| Adjusted external revenues | 105,285) | 92,520) | 82,813) | 76,072) | 64,351) | |
| Profitability Ratio | ||||||
| OPM3 | 3.64% | 4.33% | 4.49% | 6.64% | 5.73% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| OPM, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | 16.84% | 20.24% | 20.37% | 16.05% | 14.97% | |
| Cigna Group | 3.57% | 5.39% | 4.69% | 7.72% | 5.38% | |
| CVS Health Corp. | 3.82% | 2.45% | 4.32% | 4.79% | 4.69% | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | 5.39% | 5.61% | 6.54% | 6.03% | 6.47% | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | 28.14% | 26.19% | 33.56% | 28.14% | 34.15% | |
| Medtronic PLC | 19.63% | 19.15% | 16.48% | 17.88% | 22.11% | |
| Shockwave Medical Inc. | 25.29% | 25.51% | -2.64% | -93.91% | -115.00% | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | 9.14% | 9.13% | 8.33% | 9.15% | 8.41% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cash operating taxes. See details »
3 2023 Calculation
OPM = 100 × NOPBT ÷ Adjusted external revenues
= 100 × 3,834 ÷ 105,285 = 3.64%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Profitability ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| OPM | The operating profit margin (OPM) is the ratio of pretax economic earnings, or NOPBT, to sales. | Humana Inc. OPM deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Turnover of Capital (TO)
Humana Inc., TO calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| External revenues | 105,305) | 92,488) | 82,877) | 76,001) | 64,387) | |
| Add: Increase (decrease) in unearned revenues | (20) | 32) | (64) | 71) | (36) | |
| Adjusted external revenues | 105,285) | 92,520) | 82,813) | 76,072) | 64,351) | |
| Invested capital1 | 30,225) | 29,089) | 30,647) | 21,850) | 18,877) | |
| Efficiency Ratio | ||||||
| TO2 | 3.48 | 3.18 | 2.70 | 3.48 | 3.41 | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| TO, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | 0.67 | 0.71 | 0.69 | 0.57 | 0.55 | |
| Cigna Group | 2.26 | 2.09 | 1.90 | 1.70 | 1.62 | |
| CVS Health Corp. | 2.64 | 2.60 | 2.22 | 1.96 | 1.83 | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | 2.44 | 2.33 | 2.14 | 2.13 | 1.86 | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | 1.00 | 1.16 | 1.27 | 0.98 | 1.35 | |
| Medtronic PLC | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.42 | |
| Shockwave Medical Inc. | 1.09 | 1.54 | 1.36 | 0.74 | 0.27 | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | 2.01 | 1.95 | 2.04 | 1.96 | 2.05 | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Invested capital. See details »
2 2023 Calculation
TO = Adjusted external revenues ÷ Invested capital
= 105,285 ÷ 30,225 = 3.48
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Efficiency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| TO | The turnover of capital (TO) is the ratio of sales to invested capital. Capital turnover is a function of the efficiency of working capital management and of net fixed assets. | Humana Inc. TO improved from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Effective Cash Tax Rate (CTR)
Humana Inc., CTR calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | 2,726) | 3,053) | 3,172) | 3,874) | 3,029) | |
| Add: Cash operating taxes2 | 1,108) | 950) | 543) | 1,175) | 656) | |
| Net operating profit before taxes (NOPBT) | 3,834) | 4,003) | 3,715) | 5,049) | 3,684) | |
| Tax Rate | ||||||
| CTR3 | 28.91% | 23.74% | 14.62% | 23.28% | 17.80% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| CTR, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | 21.67% | 23.97% | 20.05% | 12.92% | 21.15% | |
| Cigna Group | 30.27% | 24.44% | 23.01% | 24.93% | 25.68% | |
| CVS Health Corp. | 29.07% | 50.90% | 27.09% | 29.36% | 30.33% | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | 28.75% | 22.11% | 20.37% | 32.42% | 18.95% | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | 20.94% | 27.40% | 11.76% | 6.67% | 8.23% | |
| Medtronic PLC | 32.28% | 19.53% | 18.59% | 14.72% | 19.30% | |
| Shockwave Medical Inc. | 7.67% | 2.32% | — | — | — | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | 20.64% | 23.25% | 20.32% | 22.88% | 19.29% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cash operating taxes. See details »
3 2023 Calculation
CTR = 100 × Cash operating taxes ÷ NOPBT
= 100 × 1,108 ÷ 3,834 = 28.91%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Tax rate | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| CTR | Effective cash tax rate on operating income. | Humana Inc. CTR increased from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |