Stock Analysis on Net

Shockwave Medical Inc. (NASDAQ:SWAV)

Common Stock Valuation Ratios (Price Multiples)
Quarterly Data

Microsoft Excel

Historical Valuation Ratios (Summary)

Shockwave Medical Inc., historical price multiples (quarterly data)

Microsoft Excel
Dec 31, 2023 Sep 30, 2023 Jun 30, 2023 Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Sep 30, 2022 Jun 30, 2022 Mar 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2021 Sep 30, 2021 Jun 30, 2021 Mar 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Sep 30, 2020 Jun 30, 2020 Mar 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019 Sep 30, 2019 Jun 30, 2019 Mar 31, 2019
Price to earnings (P/E) 65.99 32.51 36.96 41.86 32.02 113.90 144.94 143.13
Price to operating profit (P/OP) 61.09 50.11 59.55 67.78 55.72 104.78 129.04 129.69
Price to sales (P/S) 13.31 11.81 14.62 18.07 14.12 23.32 21.91 13.88 26.40 47.87 51.28 55.81 60.01 50.01 34.78 24.98 21.46
Price to book value (P/BV) 14.53 13.19 14.61 17.65 13.53 28.17 26.12 15.49 25.89 38.17 32.02 23.09 18.03 12.53 7.25 7.15 4.78 8.90 9.91 10.55

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-03-31).

Valuation ratio Description The company
P/E ratio The P/E ratio tells analyst how much an investor in common stock pays per dollar of current earnings. Shockwave Medical Inc. P/E ratio decreased from Q2 2023 to Q3 2023 but then increased from Q3 2023 to Q4 2023 exceeding Q2 2023 level.
P/OP ratio Because P/E ratio is calculated using net income, the ratio can be sensitive to nonrecurring earnings and capital structure, analysts may use price to operating profit. Shockwave Medical Inc. P/OP ratio decreased from Q2 2023 to Q3 2023 but then increased from Q3 2023 to Q4 2023 exceeding Q2 2023 level.
P/S ratio An rationale for the P/S ratio is that sales, as the top line in an income statement, are generally less subject to distortion or manipulation than other fundamentals such as EPS or book value. Sales are also more stable than earnings and never negative. Shockwave Medical Inc. P/S ratio decreased from Q2 2023 to Q3 2023 but then increased from Q3 2023 to Q4 2023 not reaching Q2 2023 level.
P/BV ratio The P/BV ratio is interpreted as an indicator of market judgment about the relationship between a company required rate of return and its actual rate of return. Shockwave Medical Inc. P/BV ratio decreased from Q2 2023 to Q3 2023 but then increased from Q3 2023 to Q4 2023 not reaching Q2 2023 level.

Price to Earnings (P/E)

Shockwave Medical Inc., historical P/E calculation (quarterly data)

Microsoft Excel
Dec 31, 2023 Sep 30, 2023 Jun 30, 2023 Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Sep 30, 2022 Jun 30, 2022 Mar 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2021 Sep 30, 2021 Jun 30, 2021 Mar 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Sep 30, 2020 Jun 30, 2020 Mar 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019 Sep 30, 2019 Jun 30, 2019 Mar 31, 2019
No. shares of common stock outstanding1 37,396,816 36,896,750 36,750,397 36,626,211 36,495,387 36,142,292 35,927,128 35,791,917 35,653,563 35,304,469 35,150,341 34,983,062 34,842,744 34,259,784 34,002,860 31,860,263 31,765,657 28,300,080 28,026,863 28,012,387
Selected Financial Data (US$)
Net income (loss) (in thousands) 44,305 34,986 28,862 39,125 140,911 35,003 25,561 14,521 12,942 1,948 (425) (23,601) (15,874) (12,932) (18,118) (18,775) (14,745) (12,957) (10,608) (12,799)
Earnings per share (EPS)2 3.94 6.61 6.64 6.57 5.92 2.44 1.53 0.81 -0.26 -1.07 -1.50 -2.02 -1.89 -1.88 -1.90 -1.79 -1.61 0.00 0.00 0.00
Share price1, 3 259.89 214.90 245.27 274.96 189.52 277.42 221.77 115.91 175.59 238.19 189.82 134.80 116.76 86.68 52.30 39.88 29.00 34.06 42.22 48.66
Valuation Ratio
P/E ratio4 65.99 32.51 36.96 41.86 32.02 113.90 144.94 143.13
Benchmarks
P/E Ratio, Competitors5
Abbott Laboratories 34.57 31.95 36.16 33.21 26.76 21.95 22.24 25.48 29.13 31.42 33.80 36.79 48.49 58.45 58.36 45.61 41.83
Cigna Group 19.03 17.59 12.80 11.43 13.13 14.99 15.60 15.72 13.43 8.43 8.60 10.62 8.71 14.60 12.08 13.82 13.26
CVS Health Corp. 11.47 10.28 33.58 22.61 27.53 40.34 16.30 16.49 17.39 16.78 14.94 14.44 12.88 10.69 10.20 10.94 14.15
Elevance Health Inc. 19.80 18.14 17.03 17.46 19.20 18.75 18.07 20.46 18.13 18.65 22.10 19.99 15.87 14.35 11.97 14.80 15.96
Humana Inc. 17.64 19.98 17.74 20.27 22.52 25.24 19.26 18.48 18.34 22.09 22.82 15.20 14.48 13.49 15.26 19.09 18.10
Intuitive Surgical Inc. 74.11 61.96 79.78 79.43 64.99 56.03 52.74 55.10 59.94 71.86 69.15 89.95 87.47 82.17 70.73 44.27 48.72
Medtronic PLC 30.94 26.88 24.40 22.61 23.38 29.39 30.66 46.71 46.56 55.13 42.80 32.34 26.30 25.38 31.86 32.75 28.78 25.11 57.38 41.16
UnitedHealth Group Inc. 20.53 22.75 22.15 22.01 22.46 26.13 27.70 27.29 26.03 27.92 27.41 23.06 20.54 17.70 16.88 19.91 20.48

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-03-31).

1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.

2 Q4 2023 Calculation
EPS = (Net income (loss)Q4 2023 + Net income (loss)Q3 2023 + Net income (loss)Q2 2023 + Net income (loss)Q1 2023) ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= (44,305,000 + 34,986,000 + 28,862,000 + 39,125,000) ÷ 37,396,816 = 3.94

3 Closing price as at the filing date of Shockwave Medical Inc. Quarterly or Annual Report.

4 Q4 2023 Calculation
P/E ratio = Share price ÷ EPS
= 259.89 ÷ 3.94 = 65.99

5 Click competitor name to see calculations.

Valuation ratio Description The company
P/E ratio The P/E ratio tells analyst how much an investor in common stock pays per dollar of current earnings. Shockwave Medical Inc. P/E ratio decreased from Q2 2023 to Q3 2023 but then increased from Q3 2023 to Q4 2023 exceeding Q2 2023 level.

Price to Operating Profit (P/OP)

Shockwave Medical Inc., historical P/OP calculation (quarterly data)

Microsoft Excel
Dec 31, 2023 Sep 30, 2023 Jun 30, 2023 Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Sep 30, 2022 Jun 30, 2022 Mar 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2021 Sep 30, 2021 Jun 30, 2021 Mar 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Sep 30, 2020 Jun 30, 2020 Mar 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019 Sep 30, 2019 Jun 30, 2019 Mar 31, 2019
No. shares of common stock outstanding1 37,396,816 36,896,750 36,750,397 36,626,211 36,495,387 36,142,292 35,927,128 35,791,917 35,653,563 35,304,469 35,150,341 34,983,062 34,842,744 34,259,784 34,002,860 31,860,263 31,765,657 28,300,080 28,026,863 28,012,387
Selected Financial Data (US$)
Income (loss) from operations (in thousands) 43,282 43,623 32,374 39,814 42,423 36,763 29,576 15,372 13,983 2,813 (180) (17,487) (15,866) (12,807) (18,011) (18,979) (15,362) (13,065) (11,253) (12,159)
Operating profit per share2 4.25 4.29 4.12 4.06 3.40 2.65 1.72 0.89 -0.02 -0.87 -1.32 -1.83 -1.88 -1.90 -1.92 -1.84 -1.63 0.00 0.00 0.00
Share price1, 3 259.89 214.90 245.27 274.96 189.52 277.42 221.77 115.91 175.59 238.19 189.82 134.80 116.76 86.68 52.30 39.88 29.00 34.06 42.22 48.66
Valuation Ratio
P/OP ratio4 61.09 50.11 59.55 67.78 55.72 104.78 129.04 129.69
Benchmarks
P/OP Ratio, Competitors5
Abbott Laboratories 30.54 27.48 30.47 27.70 22.18 18.35 18.63 21.33 24.45 26.84 29.01 31.39 40.69 45.82 45.19 35.87 34.03
Cigna Group 11.51 11.38 10.51 9.34 10.40 12.05 10.20 10.40 9.08 9.12 9.28 11.13 9.03 9.24 7.58 8.59 8.38
CVS Health Corp. 6.96 6.32 15.41 11.67 14.75 20.01 9.97 10.06 10.43 9.43 7.87 7.61 6.65 5.89 5.98 6.19 7.83
Elevance Health Inc. 15.57 14.38 13.36 13.61 15.05 15.30 14.72 17.53 15.70 15.81 19.93 15.79 12.10 10.93 9.03 11.95 13.55
Humana Inc. 10.94 13.43 13.47 14.93 16.63 18.96 18.96 17.45 17.08 21.55 14.39 11.02 9.78 9.84 11.28 14.59 15.35
Intuitive Surgical Inc. 75.42 55.63 70.08 66.95 54.49 46.65 44.54 49.98 56.11 67.95 69.51 89.18 88.37 83.88 71.30 43.68 48.89
Medtronic PLC 21.20 19.53 17.99 19.55 20.48 25.40 27.20 38.83 37.44 49.88 42.55 35.86 26.29 21.01 23.52 22.21 21.26 19.74 21.13 20.04
UnitedHealth Group Inc. 14.20 15.63 15.33 15.41 15.89 18.75 19.96 19.69 18.77 19.63 19.05 16.12 14.12 12.35 11.85 13.80 14.40

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-03-31).

1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.

2 Q4 2023 Calculation
Operating profit per share = (Income (loss) from operationsQ4 2023 + Income (loss) from operationsQ3 2023 + Income (loss) from operationsQ2 2023 + Income (loss) from operationsQ1 2023) ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= (43,282,000 + 43,623,000 + 32,374,000 + 39,814,000) ÷ 37,396,816 = 4.25

3 Closing price as at the filing date of Shockwave Medical Inc. Quarterly or Annual Report.

4 Q4 2023 Calculation
P/OP ratio = Share price ÷ Operating profit per share
= 259.89 ÷ 4.25 = 61.09

5 Click competitor name to see calculations.

Valuation ratio Description The company
P/OP ratio Because P/E ratio is calculated using net income, the ratio can be sensitive to nonrecurring earnings and capital structure, analysts may use price to operating profit. Shockwave Medical Inc. P/OP ratio decreased from Q2 2023 to Q3 2023 but then increased from Q3 2023 to Q4 2023 exceeding Q2 2023 level.

Price to Sales (P/S)

Shockwave Medical Inc., historical P/S calculation (quarterly data)

Microsoft Excel
Dec 31, 2023 Sep 30, 2023 Jun 30, 2023 Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Sep 30, 2022 Jun 30, 2022 Mar 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2021 Sep 30, 2021 Jun 30, 2021 Mar 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Sep 30, 2020 Jun 30, 2020 Mar 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019 Sep 30, 2019 Jun 30, 2019 Mar 31, 2019
No. shares of common stock outstanding1 37,396,816 36,896,750 36,750,397 36,626,211 36,495,387 36,142,292 35,927,128 35,791,917 35,653,563 35,304,469 35,150,341 34,983,062 34,842,744 34,259,784 34,002,860 31,860,263 31,765,657 28,300,080 28,026,863 28,012,387
Selected Financial Data (US$)
Revenue (in thousands) 202,979 186,020 180,165 161,066 144,026 131,330 120,746 93,631 84,183 65,155 55,908 31,900 22,716 19,590 10,286 15,197 14,313 11,333 10,012 7,269
Sales per share2 19.53 18.19 16.78 15.21 13.42 11.89 10.12 8.35 6.65 4.98 3.70 2.42 1.95 1.73 1.50 1.60 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00
Share price1, 3 259.89 214.90 245.27 274.96 189.52 277.42 221.77 115.91 175.59 238.19 189.82 134.80 116.76 86.68 52.30 39.88 29.00 34.06 42.22 48.66
Valuation Ratio
P/S ratio4 13.31 11.81 14.62 18.07 14.12 23.32 21.91 13.88 26.40 47.87 51.28 55.81 60.01 50.01 34.78 24.98 21.46
Benchmarks
P/S Ratio, Competitors5
Abbott Laboratories 4.93 4.13 4.64 4.64 4.25 3.85 4.18 4.42 4.78 5.38 5.36 5.64 6.30 6.13 5.77 5.09 4.83
Cigna Group 0.51 0.49 0.46 0.42 0.49 0.55 0.48 0.48 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.55 0.46 0.50 0.41 0.45 0.44
CVS Health Corp. 0.27 0.26 0.29 0.27 0.36 0.40 0.43 0.44 0.47 0.45 0.39 0.40 0.35 0.32 0.32 0.30 0.37
Elevance Health Inc. 0.70 0.66 0.66 0.68 0.74 0.77 0.75 0.89 0.81 0.78 0.73 0.76 0.60 0.61 0.63 0.65 0.74
Humana Inc. 0.42 0.59 0.61 0.66 0.68 0.78 0.68 0.65 0.65 0.73 0.71 0.73 0.64 0.76 0.76 0.74 0.76
Intuitive Surgical Inc. 18.71 13.72 17.06 16.21 13.81 12.62 12.69 15.34 17.89 22.12 21.73 23.19 21.29 20.09 18.44 13.33 15.01
Medtronic PLC 3.72 3.55 3.42 3.79 3.72 4.54 4.54 5.74 5.57 5.71 5.43 5.11 4.36 4.34 4.82 4.72 4.36 4.04 4.27 4.35
UnitedHealth Group Inc. 1.25 1.39 1.35 1.37 1.40 1.62 1.66 1.61 1.58 1.55 1.47 1.49 1.24 1.18 1.17 1.12 1.18

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-03-31).

1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.

2 Q4 2023 Calculation
Sales per share = (RevenueQ4 2023 + RevenueQ3 2023 + RevenueQ2 2023 + RevenueQ1 2023) ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= (202,979,000 + 186,020,000 + 180,165,000 + 161,066,000) ÷ 37,396,816 = 19.53

3 Closing price as at the filing date of Shockwave Medical Inc. Quarterly or Annual Report.

4 Q4 2023 Calculation
P/S ratio = Share price ÷ Sales per share
= 259.89 ÷ 19.53 = 13.31

5 Click competitor name to see calculations.

Valuation ratio Description The company
P/S ratio An rationale for the P/S ratio is that sales, as the top line in an income statement, are generally less subject to distortion or manipulation than other fundamentals such as EPS or book value. Sales are also more stable than earnings and never negative. Shockwave Medical Inc. P/S ratio decreased from Q2 2023 to Q3 2023 but then increased from Q3 2023 to Q4 2023 not reaching Q2 2023 level.

Price to Book Value (P/BV)

Shockwave Medical Inc., historical P/BV calculation (quarterly data)

Microsoft Excel
Dec 31, 2023 Sep 30, 2023 Jun 30, 2023 Mar 31, 2023 Dec 31, 2022 Sep 30, 2022 Jun 30, 2022 Mar 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2021 Sep 30, 2021 Jun 30, 2021 Mar 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2020 Sep 30, 2020 Jun 30, 2020 Mar 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2019 Sep 30, 2019 Jun 30, 2019 Mar 31, 2019
No. shares of common stock outstanding1 37,396,816 36,896,750 36,750,397 36,626,211 36,495,387 36,142,292 35,927,128 35,791,917 35,653,563 35,304,469 35,150,341 34,983,062 34,842,744 34,259,784 34,002,860 31,860,263 31,765,657 28,300,080 28,026,863 28,012,387
Selected Financial Data (US$)
Stockholders’ equity (in thousands) 668,677 601,245 616,912 570,687 511,316 355,930 305,068 267,823 241,830 220,291 208,347 204,254 225,654 237,047 245,423 177,772 192,653 108,250 119,413 129,186
Book value per share (BVPS)2 17.88 16.30 16.79 15.58 14.01 9.85 8.49 7.48 6.78 6.24 5.93 5.84 6.48 6.92 7.22 5.58 6.06 3.83 4.26 4.61
Share price1, 3 259.89 214.90 245.27 274.96 189.52 277.42 221.77 115.91 175.59 238.19 189.82 134.80 116.76 86.68 52.30 39.88 29.00 34.06 42.22 48.66
Valuation Ratio
P/BV ratio4 14.53 13.19 14.61 17.65 13.53 28.17 26.12 15.49 25.89 38.17 32.02 23.09 18.03 12.53 7.25 7.15 4.78 8.90 9.91 10.55
Benchmarks
P/BV Ratio, Competitors5
Abbott Laboratories 5.12 4.40 5.02 5.21 5.06 4.85 5.21 5.56 5.75 6.61 6.38 6.27 6.65 6.30 5.94 5.40 4.96 4.65 4.86 4.49
Cigna Group 2.13 2.04 1.87 1.73 1.95 2.20 1.86 1.84 1.53 1.49 1.44 1.86 1.46 1.61 1.34 1.51 1.49 1.49 1.44 1.42
CVS Health Corp. 1.25 1.19 1.35 1.26 1.61 1.80 1.77 1.79 1.83 1.71 1.47 1.51 1.33 1.24 1.24 1.21 1.47 1.47 1.23 1.25
Elevance Health Inc. 3.02 2.87 2.86 2.90 3.19 3.24 3.08 3.55 3.07 2.88 2.67 2.78 2.19 2.10 2.06 2.23 2.42 2.13 2.40 2.15
Humana Inc. 2.70 3.55 3.56 3.81 4.13 4.36 3.91 3.66 3.34 3.63 3.82 3.99 3.55 3.55 3.71 4.04 4.07 3.48 3.38 3.07
Intuitive Surgical Inc. 10.01 7.49 9.57 9.29 7.78 6.71 6.29 7.48 8.59 10.64 10.35 10.40 9.53 9.35 9.19 7.22 8.13 8.43 8.49 8.68
Medtronic PLC 2.26 2.12 2.03 2.23 2.24 2.75 2.77 3.52 3.26 3.14 3.02 2.84 2.48 2.60 2.94 2.87 2.66 2.48 2.62 2.59
UnitedHealth Group Inc. 5.18 5.84 5.68 5.60 5.81 6.80 6.94 6.54 6.27 6.13 5.76 5.86 4.83 4.54 4.53 4.81 4.92 4.32 4.40 4.37

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2023-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2022-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2021-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2020-03-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-06-30), 10-Q (reporting date: 2019-03-31).

1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.

2 Q4 2023 Calculation
BVPS = Stockholders’ equity ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= 668,677,000 ÷ 37,396,816 = 17.88

3 Closing price as at the filing date of Shockwave Medical Inc. Quarterly or Annual Report.

4 Q4 2023 Calculation
P/BV ratio = Share price ÷ BVPS
= 259.89 ÷ 17.88 = 14.53

5 Click competitor name to see calculations.

Valuation ratio Description The company
P/BV ratio The P/BV ratio is interpreted as an indicator of market judgment about the relationship between a company required rate of return and its actual rate of return. Shockwave Medical Inc. P/BV ratio decreased from Q2 2023 to Q3 2023 but then increased from Q3 2023 to Q4 2023 not reaching Q2 2023 level.