Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
Economic Profit
Johnson Controls International plc, economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2023 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= 1,892 – 16.89% × 29,464 = -3,085
The analysis of economic value added reveals a consistent pattern of economic profit deficits from 2018 through 2023. Despite fluctuations in operational performance and capital structure, the company failed to generate returns exceeding its cost of capital throughout the entire observed period, resulting in a sustained destruction of economic value.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- Operational earnings exhibited significant volatility, characterized by a severe contraction in 2020 where NOPAT dropped to 448 million US dollars from 2,126 million US dollars in 2019. Although a substantial recovery was observed in 2021, reaching 2,084 million US dollars, the figures subsequently trended slightly lower, stabilizing at 1,892 million US dollars by September 30, 2023.
- Invested Capital and Cost of Capital
- Invested capital experienced a notable reduction between 2018 and 2020, falling from 35,173 million US dollars to 29,283 million US dollars, before remaining nearly stagnant through 2023. During this same period, the cost of capital remained consistently high, fluctuating between 15.51% and 17.65%. This elevated cost of capital created a high financial hurdle that the company's operating profits were unable to overcome.
- Economic Profit Performance
- Economic profit remained negative across all six years of the analysis. The most significant deficit occurred in 2020, reaching -4,318 million US dollars, which correlates directly with the sharp decline in NOPAT. While the economic profit improved slightly in subsequent years, it remained entrenched in negative territory, ending the period at -3,085 million US dollars in 2023, indicating that the business model did not generate sufficient operating returns to justify the capital employed.
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Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Johnson Controls International plc, NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for expected credit losses.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in restructuring reserve.
5 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income attributable to Johnson Controls.
6 2023 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= 1,404 × 3.50% = 49
7 2023 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense, net of capitalized interest costs = Adjusted interest expense, net of capitalized interest costs × Statutory income tax rate
= 356 × 12.50% = 45
8 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income attributable to Johnson Controls.
9 2023 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= 18 × 12.50% = 2
10 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
11 Elimination of discontinued operations.
The analysis of the financial data over the six-year period reveals notable fluctuations in key profitability metrics.
- Net Income Attributable to Johnson Controls
- This metric demonstrates a pronounced volatility throughout the period. Starting at 2,162 million US$ in 2018, it rose sharply to 5,674 million US$ in 2019, representing significant growth. However, it then experienced a steep decline to 631 million US$ in 2020, indicating a substantial downturn. In the subsequent years, net income showed recovery, increasing to 1,637 million US$ in 2021, slightly decreasing to 1,532 million US$ in 2022, and rising again to 1,849 million US$ in 2023. The pattern suggests sensitivity to external factors or business conditions impacting profitability.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT exhibits a somewhat different trend compared to net income. It begins at 2,175 million US$ in 2018, slightly declining to 2,126 million US$ in 2019. A significant drop occurs in 2020 to 448 million US$, mirroring the decline seen in net income. However, a strong rebound is evident in 2021 with NOPAT surging to 2,084 million US$. Afterward, it shows a moderate decline to 1,860 million US$ in 2022 followed by a slight increase to 1,892 million US$ in 2023. The data indicates operational recovery after 2020 albeit with some variability in subsequent years.
Overall, both profitability measures were adversely affected in 2020, likely due to extraordinary or industry-wide challenges in that year. There was a notable recovery starting from 2021, although no return to the peak levels observed in 2019 is evident by 2023. The persistent variability suggests ongoing influences affecting business performance that merit further investigation.
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Cash Operating Taxes
Johnson Controls International plc, cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30).
The financial data reveals fluctuating trends in the taxation-related items over the analyzed periods, indicating variations in both reported tax provisions and actual cash tax payments.
- Income Tax Provision (Benefit)
- The income tax provision exhibits considerable volatility. Initially, there is a provision of 518 million US dollars in 2018, followed by a significant tax benefit (negative provision) of -233 million in 2019. The figure then rises to 108 million in 2020 and sharply increases to 868 million in 2021, indicating a peak in tax expenses for that year. In 2022 and 2023, the provision returns to negative figures (-13 million and -323 million respectively), reflecting tax benefits or credits in these periods. This irregular pattern suggests fluctuations in taxable income or changes in tax rates, regulations, or one-time items impacting tax expense recognition.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash operating taxes also demonstrate a volatile trend but follow a somewhat different pattern compared to the income tax provision. In 2018, cash taxes paid amount to 1,210 million US dollars, but in 2019, there is a substantial tax refund or cash inflow reflected by a negative value of -806 million. The cash taxes paid climb back to 675 million in 2020 and increase slightly further to 861 million in 2021. This is followed by a sharp decline in 2022 to 159 million before increasing again to 395 million in 2023. These fluctuations may be attributable to timing differences in tax payments, adjustments for prior years, changes in tax obligations, or the impact of cash tax planning strategies.
Overall, both income tax provision and cash operating taxes show significant year-to-year variability rather than steady growth or decline. The divergence between accounting provisions and actual cash taxes in some years highlights different timing and recognition impacts on reported and cash tax expenses. The data indicates a tax environment with complexities that may arise from shifting legislative factors, tax planning activities, or episodic events affecting taxable income and cash flow related to taxes.
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Invested Capital
Johnson Controls International plc, invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of deferred revenue.
5 Addition of restructuring reserve.
6 Addition of equity equivalents to shareholders’ equity attributable to Johnson Controls.
7 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
8 Subtraction of construction in progress.
Over the six-year period, the company's total reported debt and leases showed a variable trend. Initially, a significant reduction occurred from 12,091 million US dollars in 2018 to 8,304 million in 2019, indicating substantial debt repayment or restructuring. Following this decrease, the debt levels gradually increased each year, reaching 10,252 million US dollars by 2023. Despite the rise after 2019, the total debt at the end of 2023 remained below the 2018 figure, suggesting a net decrease over the longer term.
Shareholders’ equity attributable to the company displayed a continuous downward trend from 21,164 million US dollars in 2018 to 16,545 million in 2023. The decline was most pronounced during the first three years, dropping steadily to 17,447 million in 2020. After 2020, the equity levels stabilized somewhat but continued to decrease slightly through 2022 and 2023. This consistent reduction may reflect accumulated losses, dividend payments in excess of earnings, or other equity-reducing activities.
Invested capital mirrored the trends observed in equity but showed less volatility. It decreased from 35,173 million US dollars in 2018 to a low of 29,283 million in 2020, then remained relatively stable around the 29,400 million mark through 2023. This suggests limited new investment or expansion in capital assets, or possibly asset disposals, during the period. The overall contraction in invested capital aligns with the reduction in equity and fluctuating debt levels, indicating consolidation in the company’s capital structure.
In summary, the company experienced a notable reduction in debt in 2019 followed by a gradual increase toward prior levels. Equity consistently declined throughout the period, while invested capital showed a reduction followed by stabilization. These patterns may indicate a strategic refocus on managing liabilities and capital expenditure, alongside pressures on equity value.
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Cost of Capital
Johnson Controls International plc, cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 36,824) | 36,824) | ÷ | 46,113) | = | 0.80 | 0.80 | × | 20.38% | = | 16.27% | ||
| Debt3 | 7,885) | 7,885) | ÷ | 46,113) | = | 0.17 | 0.17 | × | 3.49% × (1 – 12.50%) | = | 0.52% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 1,404) | 1,404) | ÷ | 46,113) | = | 0.03 | 0.03 | × | 3.50% × (1 – 12.50%) | = | 0.09% | ||
| Total: | 46,113) | 1.00 | 16.89% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-09-30).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 45,597) | 45,597) | ÷ | 54,833) | = | 0.83 | 0.83 | × | 20.38% | = | 16.95% | ||
| Debt3 | 7,969) | 7,969) | ÷ | 54,833) | = | 0.15 | 0.15 | × | 2.94% × (1 – 12.50%) | = | 0.37% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 1,267) | 1,267) | ÷ | 54,833) | = | 0.02 | 0.02 | × | 2.10% × (1 – 12.50%) | = | 0.04% | ||
| Total: | 54,833) | 1.00 | 17.36% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-09-30).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 55,170) | 55,170) | ÷ | 65,052) | = | 0.85 | 0.85 | × | 20.38% | = | 17.28% | ||
| Debt3 | 8,508) | 8,508) | ÷ | 65,052) | = | 0.13 | 0.13 | × | 2.94% × (1 – 12.50%) | = | 0.34% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 1,374) | 1,374) | ÷ | 65,052) | = | 0.02 | 0.02 | × | 1.80% × (1 – 12.50%) | = | 0.03% | ||
| Total: | 65,052) | 1.00 | 17.65% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-09-30).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 32,836) | 32,836) | ÷ | 42,674) | = | 0.77 | 0.77 | × | 20.38% | = | 15.68% | ||
| Debt3 | 8,631) | 8,631) | ÷ | 42,674) | = | 0.20 | 0.20 | × | 3.05% × (1 – 12.50%) | = | 0.54% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 1,207) | 1,207) | ÷ | 42,674) | = | 0.03 | 0.03 | × | 2.20% × (1 – 12.50%) | = | 0.05% | ||
| Total: | 42,674) | 1.00 | 16.28% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-09-30).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 32,577) | 32,577) | ÷ | 41,272) | = | 0.79 | 0.79 | × | 20.38% | = | 16.09% | ||
| Debt3 | 7,610) | 7,610) | ÷ | 41,272) | = | 0.18 | 0.18 | × | 3.37% × (1 – 12.50%) | = | 0.54% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 1,085) | 1,085) | ÷ | 41,272) | = | 0.03 | 0.03 | × | 3.37% × (1 – 12.50%) | = | 0.08% | ||
| Total: | 41,272) | 1.00 | 16.71% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 30,808) | 30,808) | ÷ | 42,819) | = | 0.72 | 0.72 | × | 20.38% | = | 14.66% | ||
| Debt3 | 10,915) | 10,915) | ÷ | 42,819) | = | 0.25 | 0.25 | × | 3.43% × (1 – 12.50%) | = | 0.77% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 1,096) | 1,096) | ÷ | 42,819) | = | 0.03 | 0.03 | × | 3.43% × (1 – 12.50%) | = | 0.08% | ||
| Total: | 42,819) | 1.00 | 15.51% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Johnson Controls International plc, economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Sep 30, 2023 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2020 | Sep 30, 2019 | Sep 30, 2018 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | (3,085) | (3,262) | (3,095) | (4,318) | (3,099) | (3,279) | |
| Invested capital2 | 29,464) | 29,496) | 29,338) | 29,283) | 31,274) | 35,173) | |
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | -10.47% | -11.06% | -10.55% | -14.75% | -9.91% | -9.32% | |
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | |||||||
| Boeing Co. | -15.07% | -20.46% | -19.06% | — | — | — | |
| Caterpillar Inc. | -2.46% | -6.38% | -5.79% | — | — | — | |
| Eaton Corp. plc | -7.86% | -9.76% | -9.37% | — | — | — | |
| GE Aerospace | 1.15% | -13.79% | -18.70% | — | — | — | |
| Honeywell International Inc. | -2.11% | -3.09% | -2.00% | — | — | — | |
| Lockheed Martin Corp. | 18.29% | 14.31% | 15.29% | — | — | — | |
| RTX Corp. | -4.65% | -4.69% | -4.16% | — | — | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2023 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × -3,085 ÷ 29,464 = -10.47%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial performance from 2018 to 2023 is characterized by a persistent failure to generate positive economic value, as evidenced by consistently negative economic profit and a negative economic spread ratio across all reported periods.
- Economic Profit Trends
- Economic profit remained negative throughout the six-year window, fluctuating between -3.085 billion and -4.318 billion US dollars. A significant deterioration occurred in 2020, where losses widened to their peak of -4.318 billion US dollars, before returning to a range of -3.085 billion to -3.262 billion US dollars between 2021 and 2023.
- Invested Capital Dynamics
- A contraction in invested capital was observed between 2018 and 2020, with the value decreasing from 35.173 billion US dollars to 29.283 billion US dollars. Following this reduction, the capital base stabilized, remaining relatively flat around the 29.4 billion US dollar mark from 2021 through 2023.
- Economic Spread Ratio Analysis
- The economic spread ratio remained negative for the entire duration, indicating that the return on invested capital consistently failed to exceed the cost of capital. The ratio reached its most critical point in 2020 at -14.75%, coinciding with the period of lowest economic profit. While the ratio improved from that trough, it has since plateaued between -10.47% and -11.06%, signaling a sustained inability to create economic value above the required threshold.
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Economic Profit Margin
Johnson Controls International plc, economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Sep 30, 2023 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2020 | Sep 30, 2019 | Sep 30, 2018 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | (3,085) | (3,262) | (3,095) | (4,318) | (3,099) | (3,279) | |
| Net sales | 26,793) | 25,299) | 23,668) | 22,317) | 23,968) | 31,400) | |
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue | 192) | 131) | 202) | 28) | 81) | 47) | |
| Adjusted net sales | 26,985) | 25,430) | 23,870) | 22,345) | 24,049) | 31,447) | |
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | -11.43% | -12.83% | -12.97% | -19.32% | -12.89% | -10.43% | |
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | |||||||
| Boeing Co. | -8.70% | -15.62% | -15.14% | — | — | — | |
| Caterpillar Inc. | -2.14% | -6.18% | -6.67% | — | — | — | |
| Eaton Corp. plc | -10.64% | -14.47% | -14.06% | — | — | — | |
| GE Aerospace | 0.89% | -12.51% | -18.88% | — | — | — | |
| Honeywell International Inc. | -2.79% | -4.08% | -2.79% | — | — | — | |
| Lockheed Martin Corp. | 7.42% | 5.77% | 6.53% | — | — | — | |
| RTX Corp. | -7.31% | -7.69% | -7.22% | — | — | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2023 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted net sales
= 100 × -3,085 ÷ 26,985 = -11.43%
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial performance from 2018 to 2023 is characterized by persistent negative economic profit, indicating that the company did not generate returns exceeding its cost of capital during this six-year period.
- Economic Profit Trends
- Economic profit remained consistently negative, with values fluctuating between -3,085 million and -4,318 million USD. A significant trough was observed in 2020, where the economic loss peaked at -4,318 million USD. Following this decline, the figures stabilized, returning to a range between -3,085 million and -3,262 million USD from 2021 through 2023.
- Adjusted Net Sales Trajectory
- A substantial contraction in revenue occurred between 2018 and 2020, with adjusted net sales decreasing from 31,447 million USD to 22,345 million USD. Since 2020, a consistent recovery pattern has emerged, with annual growth leading to a value of 26,985 million USD by September 30, 2023, although this level remains below the 2018 starting point.
- Economic Profit Margin Analysis
- The economic profit margin mirrored the volatility of both sales and economic profit. The margin deteriorated from -10.43% in 2018 to a low of -19.32% in 2020, reflecting a period of heightened value erosion. A steady recovery has been observed since 2020, with the margin improving to -11.43% by 2023, suggesting a gradual reduction in the deficit relative to the scale of operations.
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