Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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Edwards Lifesciences Corp. pages available for free this week:
- Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
- Analysis of Profitability Ratios
- Analysis of Short-term (Operating) Activity Ratios
- Analysis of Reportable Segments
- Common Stock Valuation Ratios
- Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
- Return on Assets (ROA) since 2005
- Current Ratio since 2005
- Price to Earnings (P/E) since 2005
- Price to Book Value (P/BV) since 2005
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Economic Profit
Edwards Lifesciences Corp., economic profit calculation
US$ in thousands
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2021 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
The period under review demonstrates fluctuating financial performance as measured by economic profit. Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) generally increased, though with a notable decline in 2020, before recovering strongly in 2021. The cost of capital exhibited a consistent, albeit slight, upward trend throughout the period. Invested capital also increased overall, with a decrease observed in the most recent year. These factors combined to produce a variable economic profit.
- NOPAT Trend
- Net operating profit after taxes increased from US$615.07 million in 2017 to US$704.25 million in 2018, representing a substantial gain. Further growth was observed in 2019, reaching US$1.05 billion. A significant decrease occurred in 2020, with NOPAT falling to US$768.46 million. However, 2021 saw a strong recovery, with NOPAT reaching US$1.47 billion, the highest value in the observed period.
- Cost of Capital Trend
- The cost of capital experienced a gradual increase over the five-year period. Starting at 17.91% in 2017, it rose to 18.38% in 2021. This consistent increase suggests a potentially increasing risk profile or changes in market conditions affecting the company’s funding costs.
- Invested Capital Trend
- Invested capital generally increased from US$2.86 billion in 2017 to US$3.94 billion in 2020. However, a decrease was observed in 2021, with invested capital falling to US$3.79 billion. This suggests a potential shift in capital allocation strategy or divestment of assets during the final year.
- Economic Profit Trend
- Economic profit mirrored the fluctuations in NOPAT and was influenced by the rising cost of capital. It increased from US$103.71 million in 2017 to US$173.77 million in 2018, and further to US$373.22 million in 2019. A substantial decline occurred in 2020, with economic profit falling to US$46.83 million. The most recent year, 2021, saw a dramatic increase, with economic profit reaching US$771.51 million, significantly exceeding all prior values.
The substantial increase in economic profit in 2021, despite a slightly higher cost of capital, indicates a significant improvement in the company’s ability to generate returns exceeding its cost of capital. The dip in 2020 warrants further investigation to understand the underlying causes of the reduced profitability.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Edwards Lifesciences Corp., NOPAT calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.
4 2021 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
5 2021 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
6 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.
7 2021 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
8 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
The financial data indicates variations and notable trends in profitability measures over the five-year period.
- Net Income
- Net income displayed an overall upward trend from 2017 through 2021. Starting at approximately 583.6 million US dollars in 2017, it increased to 722.2 million in 2018, followed by a significant rise to nearly 1.05 billion in 2019. Although there was a decline in 2020 to 823.4 million, the figure rebounded strongly in 2021, reaching a high of about 1.5 billion US dollars. This pattern suggests a robust profitability growth trajectory with a temporary setback in 2020.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT also showed a general upward pattern in line with net income, beginning at approximately 615.1 million US dollars in 2017 and increasing to 704.3 million in 2018. It then rose sharply to about 1.05 billion in 2019 before declining to 768.5 million in 2020. Similar to net income, NOPAT recovered in 2021, reaching approximately 1.47 billion US dollars. The fluctuations in NOPAT largely mirror those in net income, indicating consistent operational profitability trends adjusted for taxes.
In summary, both net income and NOPAT experienced significant growth over the period, with a noticeable dip in 2020 likely influenced by external factors affecting profitability that year. The strong recovery in 2021 highlights resilience and an improved operating performance post-2020.
Cash Operating Taxes
Edwards Lifesciences Corp., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
An analysis of the financial data over the five-year period reveals distinct trends in both income tax provision and cash operating taxes.
- Income Tax Provision
- The income tax provision shows significant fluctuation during the period. Initially, it starts at a relatively high value in 2017, then declines sharply in 2018. This is followed by an increase in 2019, a slight decrease in 2020, and a considerable rise again in 2021. Overall, the income tax provision does not establish a consistent upward or downward trend but rather exhibits volatility with a strong rebound in the final year observed.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash operating taxes depict a generally increasing trend throughout the period. Starting from a moderate level in 2017, there is a considerable drop in 2018. Following this, a continuous rise is observed through 2019, 2020, and a significant increase in 2021. This pattern indicates growing cash tax outflows, especially pronounced in the latter years, suggesting either higher taxable income or changes in tax payment practices.
- Comparative Observations
- When comparing the two metrics, cash operating taxes remain consistently below income tax provisions in most years except for 2018 when cash operating taxes are notably higher. This divergence indicates potential differences in timing or recognition between the tax expense reported under accounting standards and the actual cash taxes paid. The growing gap in recent years could imply deferred tax liabilities or other tax-related timing differences.
Invested Capital
Edwards Lifesciences Corp., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity.
5 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
6 Subtraction of construction in progress.
7 Subtraction of marketable securities.
- Total reported debt & leases
- The total reported debt and leases demonstrate a significant decrease from 1,103,939 thousand US dollars in 2017 to 676,404 thousand US dollars in 2018. After this sharp reduction, the values remain relatively stable with slight fluctuations, recorded as 678,800 thousand in 2019, 694,900 thousand in 2020, and a minor decrease to 690,300 thousand in 2021. This indicates a strategic reduction in debt levels followed by maintenance of a consistent debt position over the subsequent years.
- Stockholders’ equity
- Stockholders' equity exhibits a consistent upward trend throughout the observed period. Beginning at 2,956,200 thousand US dollars in 2017, equity grows moderately to 3,140,400 thousand in 2018. Thereafter, a more pronounced increase is observed with figures reaching 4,148,300 thousand in 2019, 4,574,300 thousand in 2020, and a significant rise to 5,835,900 thousand in 2021. This steady increase suggests ongoing equity strengthening, potential reinvestment of earnings, or capital raising activities enhancing the financial base of the entity.
- Invested capital
- Invested capital shows an initial slight increase from 2,855,739 thousand US dollars in 2017 to 2,904,204 thousand in 2018, followed by a notable increase to 3,697,400 thousand in 2019 and further to 3,937,900 thousand in 2020. However, a decrease is evident in 2021, with invested capital reducing to 3,791,600 thousand. This pattern indicates growing investment in assets or operations until 2020, with a partial reduction or divestment in 2021, reflecting a possible shift in investment strategy or asset base optimization.
Cost of Capital
Edwards Lifesciences Corp., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Edwards Lifesciences Corp., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | ||||||
| Elevance Health Inc. | ||||||
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | ||||||
| Medtronic PLC | ||||||
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2021 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The economic spread ratio demonstrates significant fluctuation over the observed five-year period. Initial values indicate a positive economic spread, which increased substantially before declining and then experiencing a dramatic resurgence. A detailed examination of the trends is presented below.
- Economic Spread Ratio - Overall Trend
- The economic spread ratio began at 3.63% in 2017 and rose steadily to a peak of 10.09% in 2019. A substantial decrease was then observed in 2020, with the ratio falling to 1.19%. The most recent year, 2021, shows a considerable increase, reaching 20.35%. This represents the highest value within the analyzed timeframe.
- Economic Spread Ratio - 2017-2019
- From 2017 to 2019, the economic spread ratio exhibited a consistent upward trend. This suggests an improving ability to generate returns exceeding the cost of capital during this period. The increase from 3.63% to 10.09% indicates a growing competitive advantage or improved operational efficiency.
- Economic Spread Ratio - 2019-2020
- The year 2020 marked a significant reversal in the trend. The economic spread ratio declined sharply from 10.09% to 1.19%. This decrease could be attributed to various factors, including increased costs, decreased profitability, or a rise in the cost of capital. The substantial drop warrants further investigation to identify the underlying causes.
- Economic Spread Ratio - 2020-2021
- A strong recovery in the economic spread ratio occurred between 2020 and 2021, increasing from 1.19% to 20.35%. This substantial improvement suggests a successful turnaround in performance, potentially driven by cost reductions, revenue growth, or a more favorable economic environment. The 2021 value significantly surpasses all prior years in the period.
The observed fluctuations in the economic spread ratio suggest a dynamic business environment. While the trend generally indicates an increasing ability to generate value, the sharp decline in 2020 highlights potential vulnerabilities and the importance of ongoing monitoring and strategic adjustments.
Economic Profit Margin
Edwards Lifesciences Corp., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Net sales | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | ||||||
| Elevance Health Inc. | ||||||
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | ||||||
| Medtronic PLC | ||||||
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2021 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Net sales
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The economic profit margin exhibited significant fluctuation between 2017 and 2021. Initial increases were followed by a substantial decline and then a dramatic recovery, indicating a volatile relationship between profitability and net sales.
- Economic Profit Margin Trend
- In 2017, the economic profit margin stood at 3.02%. This figure increased to 4.67% in 2018, and continued its upward trajectory to reach 8.58% in 2019. A considerable decrease was then observed in 2020, with the margin falling to 1.07%. However, 2021 witnessed a substantial rebound, with the economic profit margin surging to 14.74%.
The economic profit margin’s performance appears strongly correlated with the trend in economic profit. The decline in 2020 coincided with a significant reduction in economic profit, while the substantial increase in 2021 mirrored the growth in economic profit. Net sales also increased consistently from 2017 to 2021, but the economic profit margin did not move in direct proportion, suggesting that factors beyond revenue generation influenced profitability.
- Key Observations
- The most notable feature is the volatility of the economic profit margin. The margin more than quadrupled from 2017 to 2019, then decreased by over 87% in 2020, before increasing by over 1300% in 2021. This suggests a sensitivity to underlying economic factors or company-specific operational changes.
- The substantial increase in the economic profit margin in 2021 warrants further investigation to determine the drivers behind this improvement. It could be attributable to cost management, operational efficiencies, or a favorable shift in the product mix.
The fluctuations in economic profit margin suggest that while the company is capable of generating substantial economic profit, maintaining consistent profitability remains a challenge. Further analysis is recommended to understand the factors contributing to these variations and to identify strategies for stabilizing and improving the economic profit margin.