Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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Edwards Lifesciences Corp. pages available for free this week:
- Balance Sheet: Assets
- Common-Size Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
- Analysis of Liquidity Ratios
- Analysis of Solvency Ratios
- Net Profit Margin since 2005
- Operating Profit Margin since 2005
- Return on Equity (ROE) since 2005
- Debt to Equity since 2005
- Price to Earnings (P/E) since 2005
- Aggregate Accruals
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Economic Profit
Edwards Lifesciences Corp., economic profit calculation
US$ in thousands
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2021 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
The financial performance from 2017 to 2021 indicates a general upward trajectory in value creation, characterized by significant volatility in 2020 followed by a substantial recovery in 2021. Economic profit remained positive throughout the period, demonstrating that the entity consistently generated returns in excess of its cost of capital.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT exhibited a growth trend over the five-year period, increasing from 615,066 thousand US dollars in 2017 to 1,468,252 thousand US dollars in 2021. A notable contraction occurred in 2020, where NOPAT fell to 768,464 thousand US dollars from a 2019 peak of 1,050,298 thousand US dollars, before rebounding sharply in 2021.
- Cost of Capital
- The cost of capital remained remarkably stable, with a marginal upward trend. It began at 17.87% in 2017 and concluded at 18.34% in 2021. This stability suggests a consistent risk profile and a steady cost of funding throughout the analyzed timeframe.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital grew steadily from 2,855,739 thousand US dollars in 2017 to a peak of 3,937,900 thousand US dollars in 2020. In 2021, a slight reduction was observed, with invested capital decreasing to 3,791,600 thousand US dollars, suggesting a shift toward higher capital efficiency or a reduction in asset intensity.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit experienced significant fluctuations, mirroring the volatility of NOPAT. After a period of steady growth from 104,844 thousand US dollars in 2017 to 374,714 thousand US dollars in 2019, there was a sharp decline to 48,431 thousand US dollars in 2020. However, 2021 marked a period of exceptional value creation, with economic profit surging to 773,051 thousand US dollars, the highest in the observed period.
The correlation between NOPAT and economic profit is evident, as the decline in operating profit in 2020, coupled with an increase in invested capital, severely compressed the economic profit. The subsequent expansion in 2021 was driven by a combination of record-high NOPAT and a slight contraction in the capital base, resulting in a significant acceleration of economic value added.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Edwards Lifesciences Corp., NOPAT calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.
4 2021 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
5 2021 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
6 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.
7 2021 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
8 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
The financial data indicates variations and notable trends in profitability measures over the five-year period.
- Net Income
- Net income displayed an overall upward trend from 2017 through 2021. Starting at approximately 583.6 million US dollars in 2017, it increased to 722.2 million in 2018, followed by a significant rise to nearly 1.05 billion in 2019. Although there was a decline in 2020 to 823.4 million, the figure rebounded strongly in 2021, reaching a high of about 1.5 billion US dollars. This pattern suggests a robust profitability growth trajectory with a temporary setback in 2020.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT also showed a general upward pattern in line with net income, beginning at approximately 615.1 million US dollars in 2017 and increasing to 704.3 million in 2018. It then rose sharply to about 1.05 billion in 2019 before declining to 768.5 million in 2020. Similar to net income, NOPAT recovered in 2021, reaching approximately 1.47 billion US dollars. The fluctuations in NOPAT largely mirror those in net income, indicating consistent operational profitability trends adjusted for taxes.
In summary, both net income and NOPAT experienced significant growth over the period, with a noticeable dip in 2020 likely influenced by external factors affecting profitability that year. The strong recovery in 2021 highlights resilience and an improved operating performance post-2020.
Cash Operating Taxes
Edwards Lifesciences Corp., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
An analysis of the financial data over the five-year period reveals distinct trends in both income tax provision and cash operating taxes.
- Income Tax Provision
- The income tax provision shows significant fluctuation during the period. Initially, it starts at a relatively high value in 2017, then declines sharply in 2018. This is followed by an increase in 2019, a slight decrease in 2020, and a considerable rise again in 2021. Overall, the income tax provision does not establish a consistent upward or downward trend but rather exhibits volatility with a strong rebound in the final year observed.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash operating taxes depict a generally increasing trend throughout the period. Starting from a moderate level in 2017, there is a considerable drop in 2018. Following this, a continuous rise is observed through 2019, 2020, and a significant increase in 2021. This pattern indicates growing cash tax outflows, especially pronounced in the latter years, suggesting either higher taxable income or changes in tax payment practices.
- Comparative Observations
- When comparing the two metrics, cash operating taxes remain consistently below income tax provisions in most years except for 2018 when cash operating taxes are notably higher. This divergence indicates potential differences in timing or recognition between the tax expense reported under accounting standards and the actual cash taxes paid. The growing gap in recent years could imply deferred tax liabilities or other tax-related timing differences.
Invested Capital
Edwards Lifesciences Corp., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity.
5 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
6 Subtraction of construction in progress.
7 Subtraction of marketable securities.
- Total reported debt & leases
- The total reported debt and leases demonstrate a significant decrease from 1,103,939 thousand US dollars in 2017 to 676,404 thousand US dollars in 2018. After this sharp reduction, the values remain relatively stable with slight fluctuations, recorded as 678,800 thousand in 2019, 694,900 thousand in 2020, and a minor decrease to 690,300 thousand in 2021. This indicates a strategic reduction in debt levels followed by maintenance of a consistent debt position over the subsequent years.
- Stockholders’ equity
- Stockholders' equity exhibits a consistent upward trend throughout the observed period. Beginning at 2,956,200 thousand US dollars in 2017, equity grows moderately to 3,140,400 thousand in 2018. Thereafter, a more pronounced increase is observed with figures reaching 4,148,300 thousand in 2019, 4,574,300 thousand in 2020, and a significant rise to 5,835,900 thousand in 2021. This steady increase suggests ongoing equity strengthening, potential reinvestment of earnings, or capital raising activities enhancing the financial base of the entity.
- Invested capital
- Invested capital shows an initial slight increase from 2,855,739 thousand US dollars in 2017 to 2,904,204 thousand in 2018, followed by a notable increase to 3,697,400 thousand in 2019 and further to 3,937,900 thousand in 2020. However, a decrease is evident in 2021, with invested capital reducing to 3,791,600 thousand. This pattern indicates growing investment in assets or operations until 2020, with a partial reduction or divestment in 2021, reflecting a possible shift in investment strategy or asset base optimization.
Cost of Capital
Edwards Lifesciences Corp., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Edwards Lifesciences Corp., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | ||||||
| Elevance Health Inc. | ||||||
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | ||||||
| Medtronic PLC | ||||||
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2021 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial performance from 2017 to 2021 is characterized by significant volatility in value creation, marked by a period of growth, a sharp contraction in 2020, and a robust recovery in 2021.
- Economic Profit Trends
- Economic profit demonstrated a consistent upward trajectory between 2017 and 2019, increasing from 104,844 thousand to 374,714 thousand. A severe decline was recorded in 2020, with profit falling to 48,431 thousand. This was followed by a substantial rebound in 2021, where economic profit reached a period peak of 773,051 thousand.
- Invested Capital Dynamics
- Invested capital expanded steadily from 2,855,739 thousand in 2017 to a maximum of 3,937,900 thousand in 2020. A slight reduction in the capital base was observed in 2021, with the figure adjusting to 3,791,600 thousand.
- Economic Spread Ratio Analysis
- The economic spread ratio, reflecting the efficiency of the invested capital, grew from 3.67% in 2017 to 10.13% in 2019. The ratio experienced a sharp trough in 2020, dropping to 1.23%, which correlates with the simultaneous decline in economic profit and the increase in invested capital. By 2021, the ratio surged to 20.39%, indicating a significant acceleration in the rate of value creation per unit of capital employed.
Economic Profit Margin
Edwards Lifesciences Corp., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Net sales | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | ||||||
| Elevance Health Inc. | ||||||
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | ||||||
| Medtronic PLC | ||||||
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2021 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Net sales
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial performance from 2017 to 2021 reflects a general expansion in value creation, characterized by consistent revenue growth and a significant recovery in economic profitability following a sharp contraction in 2020.
- Net Sales Trend
- Net sales exhibited a steady upward trajectory throughout the analyzed period, increasing from US$ 3,435.3 million in 2017 to US$ 5,232.5 million in 2021. While growth was consistent through 2019, a period of relative stagnation occurred in 2020 before a strong acceleration in 2021.
- Economic Profit Volatility
- Economic profit demonstrated a non-linear growth pattern. After increasing from US$ 104.8 million in 2017 to US$ 374.7 million in 2019, the figure plummeted to US$ 48.4 million in 2020. This downturn was followed by a substantial recovery in 2021, where economic profit reached a period peak of US$ 773.1 million.
- Economic Profit Margin Analysis
- The economic profit margin showed significant fluctuation, moving from 3.05% in 2017 to 8.62% in 2019. A severe compression occurred in 2020, with the margin falling to 1.10%, indicating that the value generated barely exceeded the cost of capital during that fiscal year. The period concluded with a sharp expansion to 14.77% in 2021, suggesting a marked improvement in the efficiency of capital employment relative to sales volume.