Return on Capital (ROC)
Return on capital (ROC) is after tax rate of return on net business assets. ROIC is unaffected by changes in interest rates or company debt and equity structure. It measures business productivity performance.
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)
International Business Machines Corp., ROIC calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | 8,615) | (710) | 4,163) | 4,477) | 10,219) | |
| Invested capital2 | 112,927) | 104,131) | 110,083) | 130,176) | 133,824) | |
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| ROIC3 | 7.63% | -0.68% | 3.78% | 3.44% | 7.64% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| ROIC, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Accenture PLC | 21.14% | 23.93% | 25.83% | 26.30% | 24.83% | |
| Adobe Inc. | 21.68% | 26.93% | 29.44% | 21.67% | 19.74% | |
| Intuit Inc. | 8.53% | 9.30% | 17.64% | 20.65% | 34.71% | |
| Microsoft Corp. | 28.71% | 36.59% | 45.56% | 43.43% | 38.28% | |
| Oracle Corp. | 10.34% | 9.70% | 17.55% | 11.53% | 15.18% | |
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 28.59% | 19.73% | 11.48% | 9.91% | 13.83% | |
| Salesforce Inc. | 3.00% | 5.42% | 8.23% | 5.09% | 8.97% | |
| ServiceNow Inc. | 22.31% | 17.69% | 18.88% | 20.49% | 19.87% | |
| Synopsys Inc. | 11.03% | 17.54% | 11.52% | 11.63% | 8.35% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2023 Calculation
ROIC = 100 × NOPAT ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × 8,615 ÷ 112,927 = 7.63%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| ROIC | A measure of the periodic, after tax, cash-on-cash yield earned in the business. | International Business Machines Corp. ROIC deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 but then improved from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level. |
Decomposition of ROIC
International Business Machines Corp., decomposition of ROIC
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Operating profit margin (OPM). See calculations »
2 Turnover of capital (TO). See calculations »
3 Effective cash tax rate (CTR). See calculations »
Operating Profit Margin (OPM)
International Business Machines Corp., OPM calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | 8,615) | (710) | 4,163) | 4,477) | 10,219) | |
| Add: Cash operating taxes2 | 2,510) | 2,497) | 2,130) | 2,738) | 2,317) | |
| Net operating profit before taxes (NOPBT) | 11,124) | 1,787) | 6,293) | 7,215) | 12,536) | |
| Revenue | 61,860) | 60,530) | 57,350) | 73,620) | 77,147) | |
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred income | 1,453) | (564) | 357) | 1,257) | 1,267) | |
| Adjusted revenue | 63,313) | 59,966) | 57,707) | 74,877) | 78,414) | |
| Profitability Ratio | ||||||
| OPM3 | 17.57% | 2.98% | 10.91% | 9.64% | 15.99% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| OPM, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Accenture PLC | 14.56% | 15.48% | 16.65% | 16.59% | 14.89% | |
| Adobe Inc. | 35.97% | 36.56% | 40.89% | 34.42% | 31.93% | |
| Intuit Inc. | 23.08% | 21.00% | 28.02% | 29.42% | 28.33% | |
| Microsoft Corp. | 43.20% | 43.28% | 43.49% | 38.29% | 36.61% | |
| Oracle Corp. | 26.91% | 24.11% | 40.03% | 34.29% | 34.21% | |
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 29.22% | 23.90% | 16.95% | 17.41% | 16.22% | |
| Salesforce Inc. | 10.25% | 16.40% | 20.24% | 15.63% | 19.12% | |
| ServiceNow Inc. | 18.76% | 14.87% | 17.20% | 17.77% | 14.93% | |
| Synopsys Inc. | 20.63% | 27.91% | 22.47% | 22.28% | 17.29% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cash operating taxes. See details »
3 2023 Calculation
OPM = 100 × NOPBT ÷ Adjusted revenue
= 100 × 11,124 ÷ 63,313 = 17.57%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Profitability ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| OPM | The operating profit margin (OPM) is the ratio of pretax economic earnings, or NOPBT, to sales. | International Business Machines Corp. OPM deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 but then improved from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level. |
Turnover of Capital (TO)
International Business Machines Corp., TO calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Revenue | 61,860) | 60,530) | 57,350) | 73,620) | 77,147) | |
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred income | 1,453) | (564) | 357) | 1,257) | 1,267) | |
| Adjusted revenue | 63,313) | 59,966) | 57,707) | 74,877) | 78,414) | |
| Invested capital1 | 112,927) | 104,131) | 110,083) | 130,176) | 133,824) | |
| Efficiency Ratio | ||||||
| TO2 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.52 | 0.58 | 0.59 | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| TO, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Accenture PLC | 1.94 | 2.08 | 1.95 | 1.97 | 2.16 | |
| Adobe Inc. | 0.80 | 0.86 | 0.80 | 0.70 | 0.67 | |
| Intuit Inc. | 0.61 | 0.52 | 0.79 | 0.89 | 1.50 | |
| Microsoft Corp. | 0.88 | 1.04 | 1.20 | 1.35 | 1.35 | |
| Oracle Corp. | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.51 | 0.44 | 0.55 | |
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 1.01 | 0.86 | 0.74 | 0.62 | 0.90 | |
| Salesforce Inc. | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.44 | 0.41 | 0.51 | |
| ServiceNow Inc. | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.16 | 1.23 | 1.36 | |
| Synopsys Inc. | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.58 | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Invested capital. See details »
2 2023 Calculation
TO = Adjusted revenue ÷ Invested capital
= 63,313 ÷ 112,927 = 0.56
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Efficiency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| TO | The turnover of capital (TO) is the ratio of sales to invested capital. Capital turnover is a function of the efficiency of working capital management and of net fixed assets. | International Business Machines Corp. TO improved from 2021 to 2022 but then slightly deteriorated from 2022 to 2023. |
Effective Cash Tax Rate (CTR)
International Business Machines Corp., CTR calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | 8,615) | (710) | 4,163) | 4,477) | 10,219) | |
| Add: Cash operating taxes2 | 2,510) | 2,497) | 2,130) | 2,738) | 2,317) | |
| Net operating profit before taxes (NOPBT) | 11,124) | 1,787) | 6,293) | 7,215) | 12,536) | |
| Tax Rate | ||||||
| CTR3 | 22.56% | 139.75% | 33.85% | 37.95% | 18.49% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| CTR, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Accenture PLC | 25.34% | 25.55% | 20.47% | 19.34% | 22.96% | |
| Adobe Inc. | 24.54% | 14.22% | 10.28% | 9.63% | 7.06% | |
| Intuit Inc. | 39.49% | 14.74% | 20.15% | 20.99% | 18.37% | |
| Microsoft Corp. | 24.32% | 18.98% | 13.05% | 15.80% | 22.65% | |
| Oracle Corp. | 25.66% | 26.20% | 13.28% | 23.42% | 19.20% | |
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 2.83% | 3.82% | 8.83% | 7.62% | 5.72% | |
| Salesforce Inc. | 25.51% | 8.31% | 6.79% | 19.81% | 7.62% | |
| ServiceNow Inc. | 4.32% | 4.41% | 5.03% | 5.90% | 2.51% | |
| Synopsys Inc. | 24.60% | 11.45% | 18.39% | 10.36% | 16.50% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cash operating taxes. See details »
3 2023 Calculation
CTR = 100 × Cash operating taxes ÷ NOPBT
= 100 × 2,510 ÷ 11,124 = 22.56%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Tax rate | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| CTR | Effective cash tax rate on operating income. | International Business Machines Corp. CTR increased from 2021 to 2022 but then decreased significantly from 2022 to 2023. |