Financial Reporting Quality: Aggregate Accruals
Earnings can be decomposed into cash and accrual components. The accrual component (aggregate accruals) has been found to have less persistence than the cash component, and therefore (1) earnings with higher accrual component are less persistent than earnings with smaller accrual component, all else equal; and (2) the cash component of earnings should receive a higher weighting evaluating company performance.
Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio
Toyota Motor Corp., balance sheet computation of aggregate accruals
US$ in millions, translated from JPY ￥
| Mar 31, 2015 | Mar 31, 2014 | Mar 31, 2013 | Mar 31, 2012 | Mar 31, 2011 | Mar 31, 2010 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating Assets | |||||||
| Total assets | 397,881) | 402,384) | 376,841) | 372,928) | 358,607) | 326,196) | |
| Less: Cash and cash equivalents | 19,044) | 19,821) | 18,249) | 20,431) | 25,024) | 20,053) | |
| Less: Time deposits | 1,245) | 1,750) | 1,133) | 977) | 2,452) | 4,221) | |
| Less: Marketable securities | 23,192) | 19,876) | 15,353) | 14,370) | 14,738) | 19,273) | |
| Operating assets | 354,400) | 360,936) | 342,106) | 337,150) | 316,394) | 282,649) | |
| Operating Liabilities | |||||||
| Total liabilities | 250,771) | 254,598) | 241,190) | 238,283) | 227,278) | 208,715) | |
| Less: Short-term borrowings | 42,082) | 46,910) | 43,432) | 41,984) | 38,232) | 35,250) | |
| Less: Current portion of long-term debt | 32,638) | 28,643) | 28,722) | 30,571) | 33,347) | 23,843) | |
| Less: Long-term debt, excluding current portion | 83,481) | 82,996) | 77,929) | 73,516) | 77,561) | 75,402) | |
| Operating liabilities | 92,569) | 96,049) | 91,107) | 92,212) | 78,137) | 74,220) | |
| Net operating assets1 | 261,831) | 264,888) | 250,998) | 244,938) | 238,257) | 208,429) | |
| Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals2 | (3,057) | 13,890) | 6,060) | 6,681) | 29,828) | —) | |
| Financial Ratio | |||||||
| Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio3 | -1.16% | 5.38% | 2.44% | 2.77% | 13.36% | — | |
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Competitors4 | |||||||
| Ford Motor Co. | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| General Motors Co. | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Tesla Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Based on: 20-F (reporting date: 2015-03-31), 20-F (reporting date: 2014-03-31), 20-F (reporting date: 2013-03-31), 20-F (reporting date: 2012-03-31), 20-F (reporting date: 2011-03-31), 20-F (reporting date: 2010-03-31).
1 2015 Calculation
Net operating assets = Operating assets – Operating liabilities
= 354,400 – 92,569 = 261,831
2 2015 Calculation
Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals = Net operating assets2015 – Net operating assets2014
= 261,831 – 264,888 = -3,057
3 2015 Calculation
Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio = 100 × Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals ÷ Avg. net operating assets
= 100 × -3,057 ÷ [(261,831 + 264,888) ÷ 2] = -1.16%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio | Ratio is found by dividing balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals by average net operating assets. | Using the balance-sheet-based accruals ratio, Toyota Motor Corp. improved earnings quality from 2014 to 2015. |
Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio
Toyota Motor Corp., cash flow statement computation of aggregate accruals
US$ in millions, translated from JPY ￥
| Mar 31, 2015 | Mar 31, 2014 | Mar 31, 2013 | Mar 31, 2012 | Mar 31, 2011 | Mar 31, 2010 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net income attributable to Toyota Motor Corporation | 18,117) | 17,704) | 10,218) | 3,450) | 4,909) | 2,251) | |
| Less: Net cash provided by operating activities | 30,725) | 35,405) | 26,034) | 17,672) | 24,342) | 27,499) | |
| Less: Net cash used in investing activities | (31,790) | (42,108) | (32,151) | (17,553) | (25,452) | (30,634) | |
| Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals | 19,182) | 24,406) | 16,336) | 3,331) | 6,019) | 5,386) | |
| Financial Ratio | |||||||
| Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio1 | 7.28% | 9.46% | 6.59% | 1.38% | 2.70% | — | |
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Competitors2 | |||||||
| Ford Motor Co. | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| General Motors Co. | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Tesla Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Based on: 20-F (reporting date: 2015-03-31), 20-F (reporting date: 2014-03-31), 20-F (reporting date: 2013-03-31), 20-F (reporting date: 2012-03-31), 20-F (reporting date: 2011-03-31), 20-F (reporting date: 2010-03-31).
1 2015 Calculation
Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio = 100 × Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals ÷ Avg. net operating assets
= 100 × 19,182 ÷ [(261,831 + 264,888) ÷ 2] = 7.28%
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio | Ratio is found by dividing cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals by average net operating assets. | Using the cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio, Toyota Motor Corp. improved earnings quality from 2014 to 2015. |