GlaxoSmithKline PLC (GSK)

The balance sheet (statement of financial position) reports major classes and amounts of assets, liabilities, and stockholders' equity and their interrelationships at specific points in time.

• Analysis of income statement dynamics
  The income statement (statement of earnings) reports on the performance of the firm, the result of its operating activities.
   
• Analysis of assets dynamics
  The assets reports major classes and amounts of resources owned or controlled by the firm.
   
• Analysis of liabilities and stockholders' equity dynamics
  The liabilities and stockholders' equity reports major classes and amounts of external claims on assets and owners' capital contributions, and other internally generated sources of capital.

Common-size statements are used to standardize financial statement components by expressing them as a percentage of a relevant base.

• Analysis of common-size income statement
  Income statement components (revenuess and expenses) shown as percentage of total sales.
   
• Analysis of common-size assets
  Assets components shown as percentage of total assets.
   
• Analysis of common-size liabilities and stockholders' equity
  Liabilities and stockholders' equity components shown as percentage of total liabilities and stockholders' equity.

Ratios provide a profile of a firm, its economic characteristics and competitive strategies, and its unique operating, financial, and investment characteristics.

• Short-term (operating) activity analysis
  Evaluates revenues and output generated by the firm's assets. Operating performance ratios describe the relationship between the firm's level of operations and the assets needed to sustain operating activities.
   
• Long-term (investment) activity analysis
  Measures how efficiently the company generates revenues from its investments in fixed or total assets.
   
• Liquidity analysis
  Measures the adequacy of a firm's cash resources to meet its near-term cash obligations.
   
• Long-term debt and solvency analysis
  Examines the firm's capital structure in terms of the mix of its financing sources and the ability of the firm to satisfy its longer-term debt and investment obligations.
   
• Profitability analysis
  Measures the income of the firm relative to its revenuess and invested capital.