Return on Capital (ROC)
Return on capital (ROC) is after tax rate of return on net business assets. ROIC is unaffected by changes in interest rates or company debt and equity structure. It measures business productivity performance.
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)
CVS Health Corp., ROIC calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | 9,673) | 3,871) | 9,170) | 9,067) | 8,359) | |
| Invested capital2 | 134,844) | 123,703) | 130,882) | 136,669) | 140,079) | |
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| ROIC3 | 7.17% | 3.13% | 7.01% | 6.63% | 5.97% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| ROIC, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | 8.87% | 10.96% | 11.30% | 8.01% | 6.47% | |
| Cigna Group | 5.63% | 8.53% | 6.88% | 9.84% | 6.50% | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | 9.35% | 10.17% | 11.14% | 8.67% | 9.75% | |
| Humana Inc. | 9.02% | 10.50% | 10.35% | 17.73% | 16.04% | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | 22.30% | 22.01% | 37.63% | 25.62% | 42.29% | |
| Medtronic PLC | 5.89% | 7.02% | 5.59% | 6.20% | 7.51% | |
| Shockwave Medical Inc. | 25.35% | 38.37% | -4.08% | -70.24% | -31.36% | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | 14.59% | 13.68% | 13.51% | 13.84% | 13.91% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2023 Calculation
ROIC = 100 × NOPAT ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × 9,673 ÷ 134,844 = 7.17%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| ROIC | A measure of the periodic, after tax, cash-on-cash yield earned in the business. | CVS Health Corp. ROIC deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 but then improved from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level. |
Decomposition of ROIC
CVS Health Corp., decomposition of ROIC
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Operating profit margin (OPM). See calculations »
2 Turnover of capital (TO). See calculations »
3 Effective cash tax rate (CTR). See calculations »
The primary reason for the increase in return on invested capital (ROIC) over 2023 year is the increase in profitability measured by operating profit margin (OPM) ratio.
Operating Profit Margin (OPM)
CVS Health Corp., OPM calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | 9,673) | 3,871) | 9,170) | 9,067) | 8,359) | |
| Add: Cash operating taxes2 | 3,965) | 4,013) | 3,407) | 3,769) | 3,638) | |
| Net operating profit before taxes (NOPBT) | 13,638) | 7,884) | 12,577) | 12,836) | 11,997) | |
| Revenues from customers | 356,623) | 321,629) | 290,912) | 267,908) | 255,765) | |
| Profitability Ratio | ||||||
| OPM3 | 3.82% | 2.45% | 4.32% | 4.79% | 4.69% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| OPM, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | 16.84% | 20.24% | 20.37% | 16.05% | 14.97% | |
| Cigna Group | 3.57% | 5.39% | 4.69% | 7.72% | 5.38% | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | 5.39% | 5.61% | 6.54% | 6.03% | 6.47% | |
| Humana Inc. | 3.64% | 4.33% | 4.49% | 6.64% | 5.73% | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | 28.14% | 26.19% | 33.56% | 28.14% | 34.15% | |
| Medtronic PLC | 19.63% | 19.15% | 16.48% | 17.88% | 22.11% | |
| Shockwave Medical Inc. | 25.29% | 25.51% | -2.64% | -93.91% | -115.00% | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | 9.14% | 9.13% | 8.33% | 9.15% | 8.41% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cash operating taxes. See details »
3 2023 Calculation
OPM = 100 × NOPBT ÷ Revenues from customers
= 100 × 13,638 ÷ 356,623 = 3.82%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Profitability ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| OPM | The operating profit margin (OPM) is the ratio of pretax economic earnings, or NOPBT, to sales. | CVS Health Corp. OPM deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 but then improved from 2022 to 2023 not reaching 2021 level. |
Turnover of Capital (TO)
CVS Health Corp., TO calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Revenues from customers | 356,623) | 321,629) | 290,912) | 267,908) | 255,765) | |
| Invested capital1 | 134,844) | 123,703) | 130,882) | 136,669) | 140,079) | |
| Efficiency Ratio | ||||||
| TO2 | 2.64 | 2.60 | 2.22 | 1.96 | 1.83 | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| TO, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | 0.67 | 0.71 | 0.69 | 0.57 | 0.55 | |
| Cigna Group | 2.26 | 2.09 | 1.90 | 1.70 | 1.62 | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | 2.44 | 2.33 | 2.14 | 2.13 | 1.86 | |
| Humana Inc. | 3.48 | 3.18 | 2.70 | 3.48 | 3.41 | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | 1.00 | 1.16 | 1.27 | 0.98 | 1.35 | |
| Medtronic PLC | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.42 | |
| Shockwave Medical Inc. | 1.09 | 1.54 | 1.36 | 0.74 | 0.27 | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | 2.01 | 1.95 | 2.04 | 1.96 | 2.05 | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Invested capital. See details »
2 2023 Calculation
TO = Revenues from customers ÷ Invested capital
= 356,623 ÷ 134,844 = 2.64
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Efficiency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| TO | The turnover of capital (TO) is the ratio of sales to invested capital. Capital turnover is a function of the efficiency of working capital management and of net fixed assets. | CVS Health Corp. TO improved from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Effective Cash Tax Rate (CTR)
CVS Health Corp., CTR calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | 9,673) | 3,871) | 9,170) | 9,067) | 8,359) | |
| Add: Cash operating taxes2 | 3,965) | 4,013) | 3,407) | 3,769) | 3,638) | |
| Net operating profit before taxes (NOPBT) | 13,638) | 7,884) | 12,577) | 12,836) | 11,997) | |
| Tax Rate | ||||||
| CTR3 | 29.07% | 50.90% | 27.09% | 29.36% | 30.33% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| CTR, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | 21.67% | 23.97% | 20.05% | 12.92% | 21.15% | |
| Cigna Group | 30.27% | 24.44% | 23.01% | 24.93% | 25.68% | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | 28.75% | 22.11% | 20.37% | 32.42% | 18.95% | |
| Humana Inc. | 28.91% | 23.74% | 14.62% | 23.28% | 17.80% | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | 20.94% | 27.40% | 11.76% | 6.67% | 8.23% | |
| Medtronic PLC | 32.28% | 19.53% | 18.59% | 14.72% | 19.30% | |
| Shockwave Medical Inc. | 7.67% | 2.32% | — | — | — | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | 20.64% | 23.25% | 20.32% | 22.88% | 19.29% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cash operating taxes. See details »
3 2023 Calculation
CTR = 100 × Cash operating taxes ÷ NOPBT
= 100 × 3,965 ÷ 13,638 = 29.07%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Tax rate | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| CTR | Effective cash tax rate on operating income. | CVS Health Corp. CTR increased from 2021 to 2022 but then slightly decreased from 2022 to 2023 not reaching 2021 level. |