Revenue Recognition Accounting Policy
Networks
Subscription revenues are recognized as programming services are provided to cable system operators, satellite distribution services, telephone companies and other distributors (collectively, "affiliates") based on negotiated contractual programming rates (or estimated programming rates if a contract has expired and a new contract has not been negotiated) for each affiliate. Management considers factors such as the previous contractual rates, inflation, current payments by the affiliate and the status of the negotiations in determining any estimates. When the new distribution contract terms are finalized, an adjustment to Subscription revenues is recorded, if necessary, to reflect the new terms. Such adjustments historically have not been significant.
Advertising revenues are recognized, net of agency commissions, in the period that the advertisements are aired. If there is a targeted audience guarantee, revenues are recognized for the actual audience delivery with revenue deferred for any shortfall until the guaranteed audience delivery is met, typically through the provision of additional air time. Advertising revenues from websites are recognized as impressions are delivered or the services are performed.
In the normal course of business, the Networks segment enters into agreements to license programming exhibition rights from licensors. A programming inventory asset related to these rights and a corresponding liability to the distributor are recorded (on a discounted basis if the license agreements are long-term) when (i) the cost of the programming is reasonably determined, (ii) the programming material has been accepted in accordance with the terms of the agreement, (iii) the programming (or any program in a package of programming) is available for its first showing or telecast, and (iv) the license period has commenced. There are variations in the amortization methods of these rights, depending on whether the network is advertising-supported (e.g., TNT and TBS) or not advertising-supported (e.g., HBO).
For advertising-supported networks, Time Warner's general policy is to amortize each program's costs on a straight-line basis (or per-play basis, if greater) over its license period. There are, however, exceptions to this general policy. For example, for rights fees paid for sports programming arrangements (e.g., National Basketball Association, The National Collegiate Athletic Association ("NCAA") Men's Division I Basketball Tournament and Major League Baseball), programming costs are amortized using a revenue-forecast model, in which the rights fees are amortized using the ratio of current period advertising revenue to total estimated remaining advertising revenue over the term of the arrangement. The revenue-forecast model approximates the pattern with which the network will use and benefit from providing the sports programming. In addition, for certain types of programming, the initial airing has more value than subsequent airings. In these circumstances, Time Warner will use an accelerated method of amortization. For example, if Time Warner is licensing the right to air a movie multiple times over a certain period, the movie is being shown for the first time on a Company network (a "Network Movie Premiere") and the Network Movie Premiere advertising is sold at a premium rate, a larger portion of the movie's programming inventory cost is amortized upon the initial airing of the movie, with the remaining cost amortized on a straight-line basis (or per-play basis, if greater) over the remaining license period. The amortization that accelerates upon the first airing versus subsequent airings is determined based on a study of historical and estimated future advertising sales for similar programming.
For a premium pay television service that is not advertising-supported (e.g., HBO), each licensed program's costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over its license period or estimated period of use, beginning with the month of initial exhibition. When Time Warner has the right to exhibit feature theatrical programming in multiple windows over a number of years, Time Warner uses historical audience viewership as its basis for determining the amount of a film's programming amortization attributable to each window.
Time Warner carries each of its network's programming inventory at the lower of unamortized cost or estimated net realizable value. For networks that earn both Advertising and Subscription revenues (e.g., TBS and TNT), Time Warner generally evaluates the net realizable value of unamortized programming costs based on the network's programming taken as a whole. In assessing whether the programming inventory for a particular advertising-supported network is impaired, Time Warner determines the net realizable value for all of the network's programming inventory based on a projection of the network's estimated combined Subscription revenues and Advertising revenues. Similarly, for a premium pay television service that is not advertising-supported (e.g., HBO), Time Warner performs its evaluation of the net realizable value of unamortized programming costs based on the network's programming taken as a whole. Specifically, Time Warner determines the net realizable value for all of its premium pay television service programming based on projections of estimated Subscription revenues and, where applicable, home video and other licensing revenues. However, changes in management's intended usage of a program, such as a decision to no longer exhibit a particular program and forego the use of the rights associated with the program license, would result in a reassessment of that program's net realizable value, which could result in an impairment.
Filmed Entertainment
Feature films typically are produced or acquired for initial exhibition in theaters, followed by distribution, generally commencing within three years of such initial exhibition, through home video, electronic sell-through, video-on-demand, premium cable, basic cable and broadcast networks. Theatrical revenues are recognized as the films are exhibited. Revenues from home video sales are recognized at the later of the delivery date or the date that the DVDs or Blu-ray Discs are made widely available for sale or rental by retailers based on gross sales less a provision for estimated returns. Revenues from the distribution of theatrical product through premium cable, basic cable and broadcast networks are recognized when the films are available to telecast.
Television films and series are initially produced for broadcast networks, cable networks or first-run television syndication and may be subsequently licensed for foreign or domestic cable, syndicated television and digital subscription services, as well as sold on home video. Revenues from the distribution of television programming are recognized when the films or series are available to telecast, except for advertising barter agreements, where the revenue is valued and recognized when the related advertisements are exhibited. In certain circumstances, pursuant to the terms of the applicable contractual arrangements, the availability dates granted to customers may precede the date Time Warner may bill the customers for these sales. Unbilled accounts receivable, which primarily relate to the distribution of television product at the Filmed Entertainment and Networks segments, totaled $2.975 billion and $2.339 billion at December 31, 2011 and December 31, 2010, respectively. Included in the unbilled accounts receivable at December 31, 2011 was $1.613 billion that is to be billed in the next twelve months. Similar to theatrical home video sales, revenues from home video sales of television films and series, less a provision for estimated returns, is recognized at the later of the delivery date or the date that DVDs or Blu-ray Discs are made widely available for sale or rental by retailers.
Upfront or guaranteed payments for the licensing of intellectual property are recognized as revenue when (i) an arrangement has been signed with a customer, (ii) the customer's right to use or otherwise exploit the intellectual property has commenced and there is no requirement for significant continued performance by Time Warner, (iii) licensing fees are either fixed or determinable and (iv) collectability of the fees is reasonably assured. In the event any significant continued performance is required in these arrangements, revenue is recognized when the related services are performed.
Film costs include the unamortized cost of completed theatrical films and television episodes, theatrical films and television series in production and film rights in preparation of development. Film costs are stated at the lower of cost, less accumulated amortization, or fair value. The amount of capitalized film costs recognized as Cost of revenues for a given period is determined using the film forecast computation method. Under this method, the amortization of capitalized costs and the accrual of participations and residuals is based on the proportion of the film's revenues recognized for such period to the film's estimated remaining ultimate revenues. The process of estimating a film's ultimate revenues (i.e., the total revenue to be received throughout a film's life cycle) is discussed further under "Film Cost Recognition, Participations and Residuals and Impairments."
Inventories of theatrical and television product consist primarily of DVDs and Blu-ray Discs and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the average cost method. Returned goods included in Inventory are valued at estimated realizable value, but not in excess of cost. For more information.
Time Warner enters into collaborative arrangements primarily related to arrangements with third parties to jointly finance and distribute certain of its theatrical productions.
Publishing
Magazine Subscription and Advertising revenues are recognized at the magazine cover date. The unearned portion of magazine subscriptions is deferred until the magazine cover date, at which time a proportionate share of the gross subscription price is included in revenues, net of any commissions paid to subscription agents. Also included in Subscription revenues are revenues generated from single-copy sales of magazines through retail outlets such as newsstands, supermarkets, convenience stores and drugstores and on certain digital devices and platforms, which may or may not result in future subscription sales. Advertising revenues from websites are recognized as the services are performed.
Certain products, such as magazines sold at newsstands and other merchandise, are sold to customers with the right to return unsold items. Revenues from such sales are recognized when the products are shipped, based on gross sales less a provision for future estimated returns based on historical experience.
Inventories of merchandise are stated at the lower of cost or estimated realizable value. Cost is determined using primarily the average cost method. Returned merchandise included in Inventory is valued at estimated realizable value, but not in excess of cost. For more information.
Film Cost Recognition, Participations and Residuals and Impairments
One aspect of the accounting for film and television production costs, as well as related revenues, that impacts the Filmed Entertainment segment (and the Networks segment, to a lesser degree) and requires the exercise of judgment relates to the process of estimating a film's ultimate revenues and is important for two reasons. First, while a film is being produced and the related costs are being capitalized, as well as at the time the film is released, it is necessary for management to estimate the ultimate revenues, less additional costs to be incurred (including exploitation and participation costs), in order to determine whether the value of a film has been impaired and, thus, requires an immediate write-off of unrecoverable film costs. Second, it is necessary for management to determine, using the film forecast computation method, the amount of capitalized film costs and the amount of participations and residuals to be recognized as Costs of revenues for a given film in a particular period. To the extent that the film's ultimate revenues are adjusted, the resulting gross margin reported on the exploitation of that film in a period is also adjusted.
Prior to the theatrical release of a film, management bases its estimates of ultimate revenues for each film on factors such as the historical performance of similar films, the star power of the lead actors and actresses, the rating and genre of the film, pre-release market research (including test market screenings) and the expected number of theaters in which the film will be released. Management updates such estimates based on information available during the film's production and, upon release, the actual results of each film. Changes in estimates of ultimate revenues from period to period affect the amount of film costs amortized in a given period and, therefore, could have an impact on the segment's financial results for that period. For example, prior to a film's release, Time Warner often will test market the film to the film's targeted demographic. If the film is not received favorably, Time Warner may (i) reduce the film's estimated ultimate revenues, (ii) revise the film, which could cause the production costs to increase or (iii) perform a combination of both. Similarly, a film that generates lower-than-expected theatrical revenues in its initial weeks of release would have its theatrical, home video and television distribution ultimate revenues adjusted downward. A failure to adjust for a downward change in estimates of ultimate revenues could result in the understatement of film costs amortization for the period. Time Warner recorded film cost amortization of $3.970 billion, $3.407 billion and $3.180 billion in 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Included in film cost amortization are film impairments primarily related to pre-release theatrical films of $74 million, $78 million and $85 million in 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
Barter Transactions
Time Warner enters into transactions that involve the exchange of advertising, in part, for other products and services, such as a license for programming. Such transactions are recognized by the programming licensee (e.g., a television network) as programming inventory and deferred advertising revenue at the estimated fair value when the product is available for telecast. Barter programming inventory is amortized in the same manner as the non-barter component of the licensed programming, and Advertising revenue is recognized when delivered. From the perspective of the programming licensor (e.g., a film studio), incremental licensing revenue is recognized when the barter advertising spots received are either used or sold to third parties.
Multiple-Element Transactions
In the normal course of business, Time Warner enters into transactions, referred to as multiple-element transactions, that involve making judgments about allocating consideration to the various elements. While the more common type of multiple-element transactions encountered by Time Warner involve the sale or purchase of multiple products or services (e.g., licensing multiple film titles in a single arrangement), multiple element transactions can also involve contemporaneous purchase and sales transactions, the settlement of an outstanding dispute contemporaneous with the purchase of a product or service, as well as investing in an investee while at the same time entering into an operating agreement. In accounting for multiple-element transactions, judgment must be exercised in identifying the separate elements in a bundled transaction as well as determining the values of these elements. These judgments can impact the amount of revenues, expenses and net income recognized over the term of the contract, as well as the period in which they are recognized.
In determining the value of the respective elements, Time Warner refers to quoted market prices (where available), independent appraisals (where available), historical transactions or comparable cash transactions and Time Warner's best estimate of selling price. Other indicators of value include the existence of price protection in the form of "most-favored-nation" clauses or similar contractual provisions and individual elements whose values are dependent on future performance (and based on independent factors). Further, in such transactions, evidence of value for one element of a transaction may provide support that value was not transferred from one element in a transaction to another element in a transaction.
Gross versus Net Revenue Recognition
In the normal course of business, Time Warner acts as or uses an intermediary or agent in executing transactions with third parties. In connection with these arrangements, Time Warner must determine whether to report revenue based on the gross amount billed to the ultimate customer or on the net amount received from the customer after commissions and other payments to third parties. To the extent revenues are recorded on a gross basis, any commissions or other payments to third parties are recorded as expense so that the net amount (gross revenues less expense) is reflected in Operating Income. Accordingly, the impact on Operating Income is the same whether Time Warner records revenue on a gross or net basis.
The determination of whether revenue should be reported gross or net is based on an assessment of whether Time Warner is acting as the principal or an agent in the transaction. If Time Warner is acting as a principal in a transaction, Time Warner reports revenue on a gross basis. If Time Warner is acting as an agent in a transaction, Time Warner reports revenue on a net basis. The determination of whether Time Warner is acting as a principal or an agent in a transaction involves judgment and is based on an evaluation of the terms of an arrangement. Time Warner serves as the principal in transactions in which it has substantial risks and rewards of ownership.
The following are examples of arrangements where Time Warner is an intermediary or uses an intermediary:
- The Filmed Entertainment segment provides distribution services to third-party companies. The Filmed Entertainment segment may provide distribution services for an independent third-party company for the worldwide distribution of theatrical films, home video, television programs and/or videogames. The independent third-party company may retain final approval over the distribution, marketing, advertising and publicity for each film or videogame in all media, including the timing and extent of the releases, the pricing and packaging of packaged goods units and approval of all television licenses. The Filmed Entertainment segment records revenue generated in these distribution arrangements on a gross basis when it (i) is the merchant of record for the licensing arrangements, (ii) is the licensor/contracting party, (iii) provides the materials to licensees, (iv) handles the billing and collection of all amounts due under such arrangements and (v) bears the risk of loss related to distribution advances and/or the packaged goods inventory. If the Filmed Entertainment segment does not bear the risk of loss as described in the previous sentence, the arrangements are accounted for on a net basis.
- The Publishing segment utilizes subscription agents to generate magazine subscribers. As a way to generate magazine subscribers, the Publishing segment sometimes uses third-party subscription agents to secure subscribers and, in exchange, the agents receive a percentage of the Subscription revenues generated. The Publishing segment records revenues from subscriptions generated by the agent, net of the fees paid to the agent, primarily because the subscription agent (i) has the primary contact with the customer, (ii) performs all of the billing and collection activities, and (iii) passes the proceeds from the subscription to the Publishing segment after deducting the agent's commission.
Accounting for Collaborative Arrangements
Time Warner's collaborative arrangements primarily relate to arrangements entered into with third parties to jointly finance and distribute theatrical productions ("co-financing arrangements") and an arrangement entered into with CBS Broadcasting, Inc. ("CBS") regarding the exclusive television, Internet and wireless rights to the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship events (the "NCAA Tournament") in the United States and its territories and possessions from 2011 through 2024.
In most cases, the form of the co-financing arrangement is the sale of an economic interest in a film to an investor. The Filmed Entertainment segment generally records the amounts received for the sale of an economic interest as a reduction of the costs of the film, as the investor assumes full risk for that portion of the film asset acquired in these transactions. The substance of these arrangements is that the third-party investors own an interest in the film and, therefore, in each period Time Warner reflects in the Consolidated Statement of Operations either a charge or benefit to Costs of revenues to reflect the estimate of the third-party investor's interest in the profits or losses incurred on the film. The estimate of the third-party investor's interest in profits or losses incurred on the film is determined using the film forecast computation method. For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, net participation costs of $336 million, $508 million and $321 million, respectively, were recorded in Costs of revenues.
As it relates to the NCAA Tournament arrangement, the aggregate programming rights fee, production costs, advertising revenues and sponsorship revenues are equally shared by Turner and CBS. In the event, however, that the amount paid for the programming rights fee and production costs in any given year exceeds advertising and sponsorship revenues, CBS' share of such shortfall is limited to specified annual amounts (the "loss cap"), ranging from approximately $90 million to $30 million. The amount incurred by Time Warner pursuant to the loss cap during the year ended December 31, 2011 was not significant. In accounting for this arrangement, Time Warner recorded Advertising revenues for the advertisements aired on Turner's networks and amortized Turner's share of the programming rights fee based on the ratio of current period advertising revenues to its estimate of total advertising revenues over the term of the arrangement.
Source: Time Warner Inc., Annual Report
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